The Grand Duchy na Warsaw (1807-1815 shekaru): Tarihi

Warsaw Duchy wanzu a 1807-1815 biennium. Yana da aka halitta da Napoleon, kuma ko da yake ƙa'ida dauke m, a gaskiya, shi ne wani tauraron dan adam na Faransa. Idan akwai wani mai nasara a kan Rasha Bonaparte aka je maida shi ga mulkin, amma wadanda tsare-tsaren tafi awry. Bayan Faransa ta sha kashi a wajen da kawance Warsaw Duchy aka raba tsakanin makwabta: Austria, Prussia da kuma Rasha.

prehistory

A ƙarshen XVIII karni bayan da bangare na Rzeczpospolita bangare na Poland da aka annexed da Prussia. Hali na gida yawan zuwa Jamus hukumomi sun kasance musamman korau. A halin yanzu, yayin da a Gabashin Turai da Polish wasan kwaikwayo buga fita a yamma na Old World m Faransa juyin juya halin. Ba da da ewa zuwa ikon, Napoleon ya zo Paris. Ya jagoranci Faransa da sauran kasashen Turai monarchies, wanda ya ga a cikin fall na Bourbons barazana ga kasancewar kansa ba. Napoleon lashe wani yakin na yaƙin neman zaɓe. Turai a cikin nasara da ƙasashensu, da ya shirya wani sabon tsari da kuma kafa} ungiyar fafitika, kama da wadanda cewa sun kwanan nan ya bayyana a Faransa.

Saboda haka, domin Dogayen sanda, wanda ya rayu karkiyar waje mulki, Bonaparte ya zama wata alama ce da bege ga m canje-canje. Faransa taimakon gana da wakilan da bourgeois aji. Wannan imani da gammonsa, saboda Napoleon ya kasance a yaki da Prussia, wanda nufi da cewa kasashen biyu da na kowa, maƙiyi. Tare da kowane shan kashi na monarchist kawancen kasa jin zuciya a Poland ta zama karfi da kuma karfi. A 1806, Napoleon ta rundunarsa suka shiga Prussia.

Faransa shagaltar Polish ƙasashe ba Napoleon karkashin laimar musamman wucin gadi gwamnatin Hukumar. Ta kai ya zama Marshal Stanisław Małachowski. A sabon dalĩli ke tsunduma a cikin kayan aiki da kuma abinci na Yaren mutanen Poland da sojojin Faransa. Bugu da kari, hukumar soke da Prussian dokokin da mayar da baya dokokin lokacin da Commonwealth.

halittar Duchy

A 1807, tsakanin Faransa da abokan adawar da aka sa hannu a yarjejeniyar da Tilsit. A cewar wannan takarda, akwai mai zaman kanta da Prussia Duchy na Warsaw. Wannan sabon Polish jihar shi ƙasar sanya wa Jamusawa, bisa ga sassan II kuma III na Commonwealth. Duk da haka, da Duchy aka bar ba tare da wani kanti a cikin Baltic Sea. Rigima Bialystok yankin, Napoleon ya ba da Rasha Sarkin sarakuna Alexander I.

A yankin na sabuwar kafa jihar shi 101.000 murabba'in mita. km. Yana zaune miliyan 2.5 mutane. Matsayi na musamman samu Danzig. Ya zama free birni (kama da zamanin Mai Tsarki Roman Empire) karkashin kulawa na Faransa gwamna.

Napoleon aikin

Tsari na wucin gadi Duchy na Warsaw dade kawai 8 years old. Wannan lokaci ya faru a lokacin da Napoleon ta mafi girma nasarorin a cikin kasa da kasa fagen fama. Hakika, duk da hasashen samun 'yancin kai, da Duchy na Warsaw ya kasance wani tauraron dan adam na France, kamar sauran sabon mai zaman kanta jihohi a yammacin Turai. Poland ya gabashin Bastion na Napoleonic Empire. Da darajar da aka musamman high saboda da babu makawa gabatowa da rikici da Rasha. Shi ne ba abin mamaki bane cewa a 1812 da Duchy na Warsaw sha wahala babbar asarar. Sojojinsa, ya aika zuwa Rasha, akwai game da 100 mutane dubu. kasar matsayi a matsayin sansanin soja da aka tabbatar da cewa Napoleon ya ba da wani ɓangare na Yaren mutanen Poland mallakar gwamnati dukiya ta ta Faransa generals da shugabanni.

A watan Yuli 1807 da Grand Duchy na Warsaw samu da kansa tsarin mulkin kasar. Bikin sa hannu ya faru a Dresden. A sabon doka ta asali gane muhimmancin da abinci da kuma da rinjaye matsayi na Yaren mutanen Poland nobility. Saboda haka, Grand Duchy na Warsaw samu dama 'yanci, tsarin mulki, kamar yadda idan aka kwatanta da soma a cikin wasu kasashen Turai halitta da Napoleon.

Faransa sarki cire daga ikon a Poland, da Jacobins. A sakamakon ya sa baki ya cewa a cikin Diet akwai wani preponderance na ƙasar a cikin ni'imar da tsada da kuma aristocracy. Yaren mutanen Poland yan siyasa sun zama key Stanislav Potocki (Shugaban Majalissar), Feliks Lyubensky (Ministan Shari'a), Tadeusz Matushevich (Ministan kudi), kuma Yuzef Ponyatovsky (sojojin Oganeza da kuma ministan yaki).

ikon

Bisa ga ƙa'ida, da Duchy na Warsaw wani daular mulkinsu. Yana shiga wani jam'iyya da Saxony. Saboda haka, Duke ya zama Gwamnan na Jamus Jihar Frederick Augustus I. A monarch da dama don gyara da kuma kari da kundin tsarin mulki, sa sabawa ga Sejm. Shi ne m ga gwamnatin.

Rage cin abinci ya yi biyu da bẽnãye - Majalisar Dattawa da kuma Ambassadorial bukka. Wannan iko ne saboda da tarihin al'adu ya zama wani karfi na tasiri na nobility (nobility). Yana da ban sha'awa cewa Warsaw tsarin mulki rikitar wani Napoleonic tsarin mulkin kasa (misali da Westphalian kuma Naples) a ji cewa shi ya tsayar da manufa babu wani amfani, da kuma zaben majalisar dokokin kasar.

Mutane da yawa jama'a fasali na Duchy na Warsaw aka soma a neman sauyi Faransa. A majalisar dattijai mahukunta, bishops, kuma Castellan. Dukkan su sun wakilci a daidai rabbai. A majalisar dattijai, sabanin Posolskaya bukka a bayansa da cewar dalilai monarch. The ƙungiya (alƙarya) tarurruka, mafi m makale ga industrialists da kuma gonaki, ba manya.

A Replica na Faransa tsarin a cikin Duchy na Warsaw ya majalisar kasa. Yana da aka gangarawa ta monarch. Har ila yau kunshe a cikin majalisar ministocin kasar da. Wannan jiki kusantar up takardar kudi a yi sulhu tsakanin administrative da shari'a hukumomi. Majalisar kasa kuma yi shawarwari ayyuka a Duke.

Sejm

A rage cin abinci da alhakin haraji, laifi da kuma} ungiyoyin dokar. Har ila yau a cikin cajin da aka coinage na Duchy na Warsaw. Yawa fadi iko na monarch mika wa dokokin administrative da siyasa da al'amura. Duke kuma tsara kasafin kudin. daftarin dokokin da aka rubuta a cikin Jihar Council. Sejm iya kawai kãfirta ko yarda da su. A wannan jiki na ikon aiki hukumar, wanda samarwa da kansa gyara ga dokokin, amma a cikin wannan hali, da karshe kalma ya ga majalisar kasa.

A lokacin da wanzuwar Diet game da su sau uku kawai: a 1809, da makamantansu, 1811 da kuma 1812. Last zaman ya kasance m. A sa'an nan saboda shawarar da Sejm fara yakin duniya na II da Duchy na Warsaw, kasance a kan gefen Napoleon. Bonaparte, wucewa ta hanyar Poland, ya qaddamar da taron duniya na wani matsanancin zaman. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a lokaci guda Faransa Sarkin sarakuna ya fara aiwatar da Tarurrukan na jam'iyya da Lithuania. Relationship Vilnius da Warsaw tursasa da kuma Alexander I. A Rasha Sarkin sarakuna da aka kokarin lashe kan Lithuania a kan su gefe, alamar su Tarurrukan na Grand Duchy. Ko ta wani hanya, amma da wani sabon daftarin da Commonwealth bai dauki wuri. A nan gaba na Poland ta yi niyya ba yarjejeniya, da kuma yaki tsakanin Faransa da kuma Rasha. Hada hannu da Duchy na Warsaw da Congress of Vienna a baya sun bar ra'ayin na Yaren mutanen Poland-Lithuanian Union.

gwamnati

Duchy na gwamnatin kunshi 6 ministocin: ciki, adalci, addini, kudi, 'yan sanda da kuma soja. Yana zaune a Warsaw. A wannan yanayin, da Saxon prince zauna a Dresden. Saboda wannan dalili, tsakanin shi da gwamnatin ya kasance kullum matsakanci. Bugu da kari, a lokacin da tattauna da muhimmanci musamman yanke shawara, duka a cikin gida da kuma a kasashen waje da manufofin, magana ta ƙarshe aka bar wa Faransa mazauna.

Har ila yau, ayyuka na gwamnatin karkashin iko na majalisar gudanarwar kasar Sin. Ministan ba ya dogara ne a kan Sejm. Kowane sashi ya monokratnym gwamnati. A wasu kalmomin, da ba komai haqqinsa matsayi yi hidima da key adadi a gonarsa. Na ƙasa da sami ikon zuwa kalubalanci yanke shawara na da maigidan. Musamman muhimmancin daban-daban ma'aikatun da 'yan sanda da harkokin. Sun kasance tsaro a kiyaye domin a jihar. A gaggawa yanayi, ministan 'yan sanda na iya amfani da ko nasu musamman tsare.

jama'a

Tare da siyasa canje-canje da samuwar da Duchy na Warsaw ya ba Poland a fundamentally sabon dokokin. Bisa ga soma kundin tsarin mulki, da akida, da zaman daidai wa daida da kowa a gaban doka, aka shika-shikan. Ko da yake da rabo a cikin azuzuwan da aka ba soke, shi markedly iyakance. Riga na farko zaben zuwa ga Sejm da ƙungiya tarurruka ya nuna cewa 'yan ƙasa (commoners) sun iya yin kawai ba su' yancin yin zabe.

Duk da haka, a cikin 1808 da umarni aka wuce, mai ƙarfi duka da matsayi na Yahudawa. Su dan lokaci (shekaru 10) an iyakance ga 'yancin] an. A sabon tsarin, Yahudawa ya nemi hukuma izni ga aure. Yahudawa yawan aka Ban daga wajibi soja, amma a maimakon haka, ya yi nauyi a kallafa maka.

Kamar yadda yake a sauran kasashen Turai, yana da muhimmanci yin haƙuri baƙauye tambaya. A Duchy na Warsaw aka halitta a Poland, idan akwai har yanzu wanzu serfdom. A sabuwar gwamnatin soke mulkin gargajiya dogara da kyauyen. Duk da haka, manoma sun zahiri da aka hana na ƙasar da ya zauna domin manya. Garambawul da shi ba za a iya aiwatar da har karshen. Constant Napoleonic wars sa halaka da kuma impoverishment buga gonaki. A gaba tsakanin manoma da kuma manyan gari don kawai kara a kowace shekara.

A nasara a kan Austria

Motsi a cikin farkawa daga Napoleon ta siyasa, da Duchy na Warsaw tafi zuwa ga makawa rikici da makiyan Faransa sarki. A 1809, da makamantansu fara yakin na biyar hadin gwiwa. A wannan lokaci, Faransa da kawayenta fuskanci Austria, Birtaniya, Sicily da Sardinia. Mafi yawa daga cikin Yaren mutanen Poland dakarun shiga soja na Bonaparte. A Duchy zauna jiki Yuzefa Ponyatovskogo (game da 14 da mutane dubu). A Austria sojojin farmaki Saxony da Duchy na Warsaw, wanda idan na waste daga Napoleon ta sojojin da jũna sauki ganima.

A Poland shi mamaye 36000th sojojin. Afrilu 19, 1908 ya faru da hukunci yaƙi - yakin raszyn. Dogayen sanda umarta ta Yuzef Ponyatovsky, da Austrians - Archduke Ferdinand Karl. A karo faru a kan m marshland. Dogayen sanda suka yi yaƙi da wuya, amma daga karshe suka tattara. Warsaw aka kaddamar da ewa ba. Duk da haka, da janar nuna a cikin na biyar kawancen yaki ya ga Austrians buga baya. Kawai 'yan makonni da Dogayen sanda counterattacked, koma dukan ƙasar kawar da, a cikin Bugu da kari, ya dauki Sandomierz, Lublin, Lviv da Krakow. A karshen yaki, bisa ga zaman lafiya yarjejeniya, Warsaw Duchy zuwa ci gaba da mamaye yammacin Galicia, ta haka ne a rabin sau karu da karkararta.

The yaki da Rasha

A fashewa yaki tsakanin Faransa da Rasha, da Duchy na Warsaw (1807-1813) ya juya ga zama buffer tsakanin manyan abokan adawar. A cikin watan Yuni 1812 da Seimas, saduwa a Warsaw, yanke shawarar kai gefe na Napoleon. Sarkin sarakuna na Faransa yaƙin neman zaɓe a Rasha fadi. Faruwa a wajen gabas da rabin miliyan sojojin, ya koma kasarsa da dama dubu ragged da yunwa sanda.

Napoleon ta shan kashi nufi da farkon karshen, wanda aka jiran Grand Duchy na Warsaw. The yaki yada wa Polish asashe. Janairu 1, 1813 uku ginshikan karkashin Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov tsallaka kan iyaka kogin Neman kuma gangarawa zuwa Polotsk. A Duchy da wannan lokaci 'yan Yaren mutanen Poland da kuma Saxon sojoji, wanda ba su iya tsayayya da tafi wanda tsiwirwirinsu Rasha sojojin. A Poland, ya fara ta shahara waje yaƙi ya ƙare shan na Paris.

Janairu 27 aka lumana dauka Warsaw. A gaskiya ma, cikin duchy daina wanzuwa. Sashe na daga cikin Dogayen sanda, duk da haka, ya kasance da aminci ga Napoleon. 15000th Corps karkashin umurnin Yuzefa Ponyatovskogo bar kasar Austria a cikin bege cewa Faransa har yanzu lashe Rasha da kuma 'yancin kai na jihar za a mayar. A Poland, tsayayya kawai Faransa raka'a sa a kan Vistula. Duk da haka, ba su iya dakatar da makiya - ya ce da saka hannu na Austria kuma Prussia, suka yanke shawarar su janye daga rikici.

abolition

Lokacin da Napoleon sha wahala a karshe shan kashi, da nasara iko hadu a Vienna don ƙayyade nan gaba na Old World. Faransa Sarkin sarakuna redrew duk iyakokin cikin Turai nahiyar - yanzu wasu wadanada yi disentangle wannan siyasa rikici. A farko wuri, shi ya shirya wani bangare na Poland. Yana zamani da uku m iko (Austria, Prussia da kuma Rasha) ba su da sha'awar ta zama.

May 3, 1815, bisa ga shawarar da na Congress of Vienna, a Gabashin Turai ta kafa sababbin iyakoki. Akwai wani bangare na Poland - Warsaw Duchy da aka soke. Krakow, wani tsohon bangare na shi, da aka zayyana a free birni da Republican a tsarin siyasa. A wannan format shi wanzu har 1846.

Mafi yawa daga cikin Duchy na Warsaw ya zama wani ɓangare na Rasha. Sarkin sarakuna Alexander aka zayyana da Polish sarki. New yankuna ya sanya mulkin kai da kuma masu sassaucin ra'ayi tsarin mulki. Saboda haka, ko da yake da Duchy na Warsaw wani ɓangare na Rasha, ta mazauni rayuwa yawa 'yanci, a zahiri Rasha. Yammacin ƙasashe soke jihar aka bai wa Prussia. Sun kafa wani sabon Jamus lardin - Grand Duchy na Poznan.