Red Army: halittar. A tarihin na Red Army

Da farko, da Soviet Red Army, halittar abin da ya faru a kan backdrop na incipient yakin basasa, yana da wani utopian halaye. A Bolsheviks yi imani da cewa sojojin na gurguzu tsarin da ya kamata a dogara ne a kan wani son rai-akai. Wannan aikin ya yi daidai da akidar Karl Marx akida. Irin wannan sojojin adawa da na yau da kullum sojojin kasashen turai. Bisa ga msar tambayar rukunan a cikin al'umma iya zama "fadaddiyar tara makamai na mutane."

halittar Red Army

A farko matakai na Bolsheviks yi magana game da abin da suka gaske son ba up da haihuwa tsarist tsarin. Disamba 16, 1917 umartar aka wuce zuwa warware jami'in da darajõji. Kwamandojin yanzu zabe ta nasu qarqashinsu. Kamar yadda ta yi ciki da jam'iyyun, a kan rana ta halittar Red Army ta sabon sojojin zama da gaske demokra] iyya. Lokaci ya nuna cewa wadannan ra'ayoyin ba su iya tsira da gwajin na jini zamanin.

A Bolsheviks sun iya kama iko a Petrograd da taimako na Red Guards kuma ba yawa mutum neman sauyi Ƙungiyarku matuƙan da kuma sojoji. A wucin gwamnatin yana shanyayye da cewa na batsa gudanar da aiki na Lenin da magoya bayansa. Amma a waje da babban birnin kasar zauna wata babbar kasa, da yawa daga abin da yake ba a duk farin cikin jam'iyyar radicals, wanda shugabannin zo zuwa Rasha a wani shãfe haske jirgin kasa daga Jamus ta abokan gaba.

By farkon cikakken sikelin yakin basasa, Bolshevik sojojin sãɓã wa jũna matalauta soja horo da kuma rashin Karkasa iko yadda ya kamata. Ya yi aiki a cikin Red Guards shiryar da juyin juya halin Musulunci hargitsi da nasu siyasa yarda dasu, wanda a wani lokacin zai canza. A matsayin sabuwar shelar Soviet ikon da aka fiye da precarious. Ta bukatar a halin sabon Red Army. Halittar sojoji wani al'amari na rayuwa da mutuwa ga mutane a zaune a Smolny.

Abin da kalubalen da aka fuskanta da Bolsheviks? A jam'iyyar ba ta samar da kansa sojojin a kan wannan na'ura. Top frame lokaci na daular mulkinsu da kuma wucin gwamnatin wuya so su hada kai tare da hagu-reshe radicals. Matsala ta biyu shi ne cewa Rasha shekaru da yawa don kaddamar da yaki akan Jamus da kawayenta. Sojoji sun gaji - suka demoralized. Domin cika da darajõji daga cikin Red Army, ta kafa ya zo tare da wani a kasar kara kuzari da cewa zai zama dalilin isa zuwa ga sake daukar makamai.

Bolsheviks, shi ba ya bukatar tafi da nisa. Sun yi wata babbar tuki da karfi daga cikin sojojinsa, da manufa na aji gwagwarmaya. Da zuwan da RSDLP (B) ta fito da yawa dokoki. Bisa ga taken da manoma samu a ƙasar da kuma ma'aikata - shuke-shuke. Yanzu sun ya kare da samu na juyin juya halin. Son to har yanzu mukamansu (gidan haya, arzikin masu arziki da t. D.) Shi ne da gininsa a kan wanda ya huta Red Army. Halittar Red Army ya faru Janairu 28, 1918. A wannan rana da sabuwar gwamnatin a fuskar da majalisar jama'ar kasar Commissars soma wani daidai doka.

A farko nasarorin

Har ila yau, shi ya kafa Vsevobuch. Wannan tsarin ne aka yi nufi ga duniya soja horo na 'yan kasa da RSFSR sa'an nan da Tarayyar Soviet. Vsevobuch bayyana Afrilu 22, 1918, bayan da Maris yanke shawara a kan ta kafa da aka dauka a VII Congress na RCP (B). A Bolsheviks fatan cewa sabon tsarin zai taimaka musu su da sauri shiga cikin sahu na Red Army.

Samuwar kungiyoyin mayakan tsunduma kai tsaye majalisarku a gida matakin. Bugu da kari, wannan manufa da aka kafa neman sauyi kwamitocin (neman sauyi kwamitocin). A farko, da suka ji dadin babba cin gashin daga gwamnatin tsakiya. Daga wanda ya sa'an nan Red Army? Halittar wannan tsarin ya kai ga m ambaliya na wani m iri-iri Shots. Wadannan mutane ne da suka yi aiki a cikin tsohon tsarist sojojin-mayakan manoma, da sojoji da kuma matuƙan daga Red Guards. A heterogeneity na abun da ke ciki adversely rinjayar da fama shiri na sojojin. Bugu da kari, sau da yawa kungiyoyin yi inconsistently saboda da zaben na shugabannin, rallies da na gama management.

Duk da dukan shortcomings, da Red Army a cikin farkon watanni na yakin basasa da ya samu muhimmanci nasarorin da suka zama da key to ta nan gaba mika wuyansu da nasara. A Bolsheviks sun iya ci gaba da Moscow da kuma Ekaterinodar. Local yunkuri da aka suppressed saboda wani gagarumin lamba amfani, kazalika da m m goyon baya. Populist littafai na Soviet gwamnati (musamman a 1917-1918.) Shin su aiki.

Trotsky ya jagoranci sojojin

A lokacin yakin basasa da matakai na samar da Red Army da sauri bi juna. Afrilu 22, 1918 shugabannin zaben da aka soke. Yanzu shugabannin sassa, brigades da kuma ƙungiyoyin da aka nada ta jama'ar kasar Commissariat for Soja Harkokin. A farko shugaban hukumar a watan Nuwamba 1917 da aka Nikolai Podvoisky. A watan Maris na shekarar 1918 sai aka maye gurbinsu da Leon Trotsky.

Wannan mutumin shi ne a sahun gaba ga Oktoba juyin juya halin a Petrograd. Revolutionary jagoranci kama na birane da ãyõyinMu da Winter Palace na Smolny, inda hedkwatar Bolsheviks. A lokaci na farko na yakin basasa Trotsky adadi a sikelin da kuma muhimmancin da yanke shawara a wata hanya ba, baya zuwa adadi Vladimira Lenina. Ba abin mamaki ba cewa Lev Davidovich an zabe kamar yadda jama'ar kasar Commissar for Soja Harkokin. Ya ƙungiya gwaninta a duk da daukaka da aka bayyana a cikin post. A tushen halittar Red Army su ne sosai farko biyu Commissar.

Tsarist jami'an a Red Army

Rubuce, da Bolsheviks gan sojojinsa su hadu da stringent bukatun na aji. Duk da haka, da rashin kwarewa da mafi yawan ma'aikata da manoma zai iya sa da shan kashi na jam'iyyar. Saboda haka, tarihi na Red Army dauki wani nuna a lokacin da Trotsky samarwa to dace da darajõji tsohon tsarist sanda. Wadannan kwararru da gagarumin kwarewa. Dukan su sun shũɗe yakin duniya na farko, da kuma wasu na iya tuna, da kuma Rasha-Japanese. Da yawa daga cikinsu asali sun manya.

A ranar da halittar Red Army, da Bolsheviks ayyana cewa shi za a barrantar daga gonaki da sauran abokan gaban proletariat. Duk da haka, da m wajibcin hankali gyara cikin shakka daga Soviet iko. A cikin mahallin da hatsarin da ta kasance quite sassauci a yanke shawara. Lenin yafi hadin fiye da yaudarar. Sai ya amince da wata jayayya a kan batun tare da sarauta sanda.

A gaban na Red Army "counterrevolutionary contingent" ya dade da ciwon kai Bolsheviks. Tsohon tsarist jami'an sun sha tada tarzomar. Daya irin wannan shi ne fitina jagorancin Mihaila Muraveva a watan Yuli na shekarar 1918. A Hagu SR kuma tsohon tsarist jami'in da aka nada shugaban Eastern Front, da Bolsheviks, a lokacin da jam'iyyun biyu ne har yanzu kafa daya hadaka. Ya yi kokari ya kama mulki a Simbirsk, wanda a lokacin ya kusa da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na yaki. The fitina aka mur da Joseph Vareikis da Mihailom Tuhachevskim. Tawaye a cikin Red Army, kamar yadda mai mulkin, suka saboda matsananci haramta shi matakan da umurninSa.

A bayyanar kwamishinoni

A gaskiya, ranar halittar Red Army ne ba kawai wani muhimmin alama a kalandar ga tarihi da kafa Soviet da iko a yankin na tsohon Rasha Empire. Tun lokacin da sojoji suka zama progressively iri-irin, da kuma farfaganda na abokan adawar - da karfi, jam'iyyar kwaminis ta Sin yanke shawarar kafa da post na soja commissars. Sun kasance sũ ne da za su gudanar farfaganda tsakanin jam'iyyar maza da haihuwa kwararru. Kwamishinoni ya santsi daga cikin saba wa juna a cikin harkokin siyasa ra'ayoyi na disparate darajõji. Da ciwon samu da karfin iko, da wakilan jam'iyyar ba kawai ilimi da kuma kawo Red Army, amma kuma ya ruwaito saman unreliability mutane, rashin biyan bukata, da sauransu. D.

Saboda haka, Bolsheviks aka dasa a cikin soja raka'a diarchy. A daya hannun su ne shugabannin, da kuma a kan sauran - da kwamishinoni. A tarihin na Red Army, dã mun kasance daban-daban idan ba a gare su bayyanar. A gaggawa, kwamishinan iya zama cikin tafin kafa shugaba, da barin umurnin a bango. soja majalisarku da aka halicce su don sarrafa ƙungiyoyin da ya fi girma kungiyoyin. A kowane daga cikin wadannan jikuna wani bangare ne na daya kwamandan da biyu Kwamishinan. Suka zama kawai ra'ayi ƙẽƙashe Bolsheviks (as mai mulkin, mutanen da suka shiga cikin jam'iyyar kafin juyin juya halin). Tare da karuwa daga cikin sojojin, ya kuma inganta kwamishinoni, da hukumomi da su haifar da wani sabon ilimi kayayyakin more rayuwa wajibi ne ga sarrafawa horo propagandists da tsẽgumi.

farfagandar

A May 1918 aka kafa ta Rasha hedkwatar, kuma a watan Satumba - Revolutionary Soja Council. Wadannan kwanakin da kwanan wata na halittar Red Army sun key to yada da kuma karfafa ikon da Bolsheviks. Nan da nan bayan Oktoba juyin juya halin, jam'iyyar gangarawa ga radicalization halin da ake ciki a kasar. Bayan da gazawar da RSDLP (b) zaben zuwa cikin majalisar da aka kafa , wannan ma'aikata (da ake bukata domin sanin makomar Rasha a kan wani zaɓe na tushen) da aka tarwatsa. Yanzu a Bolshevik abokan adawar zauna ba tare da doka kayan aikin kare matsayinsu. Da sauri ya tashi White motsi a cikin yankuna daban-daban na kasar. Ku yãƙi shi ya yiwu ne kawai ta hanyar soja wajen - don wannan manufa, kuma shi ya dauki halittar Red Army.

Hotuna majiɓinta, kwaminisanci gaba fara da za a buga a wata babbar tari na farfaganda jaridu. A Bolsheviks a farko kokarin tabbatar da wani kwarara daga sabon recruits da taimakon Catchy taken .. "! A Socialist fatherland ne a cikin hatsari", da dai sauransu Wadannan matakan da aka bã sakamako, amma ba su isa ba. By Afrilu, girman da sojojin ya karu zuwa matakin na 200 dubu mutane, amma wannan ba zai zama isa ga iko da jam'iyyar da dukan ƙasar da tsohon Rasha Empire. Kada ka manta cewa Lenin mafarkin na duniya da juyin juya halin. Rasha ta kasance a gare shi ne kawai a bridgehead farko farko na kasa da kasa proletariat. Don bunkasa farfaganda a cikin Red Army da aka kafa mamaye harkokin siyasa.

A cikin shekara ta Red Army shiga da shi, ba kawai don akida dalilai. A frazzled dogon yaki tare da Jamus, da kasar ta dade ji wani karancin kayayyakin. A hatsari ne musamman m yunwa da aka lura a cikin birane. A irin wannan yanayi bezraduzhnyh matalauta, a nemi a kowane farashi da sabis (ibid da tabbacin yau da kullum raba abinci).

A gabatarwar da duniya conscription

Ko da yake halittar Red Army fara daidai da umurnin da majalisar jama'ar kasar Commissars a watan Janairu 1918, gaggauta kafa sabon sojoji zo a cikin May lokacin da ya tashi Czechoslovak Corps. Wadannan sojoji dauka fursuna a lokacin yakin duniya na, ya dauki gefe na fari motsi kuma suka saɓa wa Bolsheviks. A karayar da ya gurgunta kasar ne gwada da kananan 40000th gidaje ya zama mafi inganci, kuma masu sana'a sojoji.

News tawaye zuga ta Lenin da Jamhuriyar kwamitin zartarwa. A Bolsheviks yanke shawarar ci gaba da kwana. May 29, 1918 bayar da umarni bisa ga abin da ya gabatar wajibi daukar ma'aikata a cikin sojojin. Yana ɗauki siffar na janyo ra'ayoyin jama'a. A cikin gida da manufofin, da Soviet gwamnatin soma manufar yaki kwaminisanci. Farmers ba kawai hana su amfanin gona, wanda ya tafi zuwa jihar, amma kuma massively haura zuwa sojoji. Mundane zama jam'iyyar shirin yaqi da gaba. By karshen yakin basasa, rabin na 'yan RSDLP (b) shi ne a cikin rundunar soja. Haka kuma, kusan duk Bolsheviks zama commissars da siyasa ma'aikata.

Summer Trotsky ya yi hidimar majagaba gabatarwar duniya conscription. A tarihin na Red Army, a takaice, ta rinjãya a wani milestone. 29 Yuli, 1918 duk mutanen da suke dace da kiwon lafiya ya kasance 18 zuwa shekaru 40, da aka rajista. Ko wakilan da bourgeois aji maƙiyi (tsohon yan kasuwa, industrialists, da sauransu. D.) Kunshe a raya mayakan. Irin m matakan haifa 'ya'yan. Halittar Red Army a watan Satumba na shekarar 1918 a yarda aika zuwa gaban fiye da 450 mutane dubu (game da wani sojoji 100,000 zauna a cikin raya).

RVS

Trotsky, kamar Lenin, a lokacin brushed ajiye akidar Karl Marx akida, domin inganta fama iyawa daga cikin sojojin. Shi ya, kamar yadda jama'ar kasar Commissar ta qaddamar da muhimmanci da sake fasalin da kuma canje-canje a gaban. The sojojin ya mayar da kisa ga barin ta da gazawar cika da umarni. Koma insignia, uniform siffar, tafin kafa dalĩli management, da kuma da yawa wasu alamu na sarki lokaci. May 1, 1918 at Khodynka Field a Moscow bakuncin farko farati na Red Army. A cike iya aiki, da tsarin sanã'anta Vsevobuch.

A watan Satumba, Trotsky ya jagoranci sabuwar kafa Revolutionary Soja Council. Wannan jiha kamfanin dillancin ya koli na dala na management, ya jagoranci rundunar sojojin. Dama hannunka Trotsky ya Joachim Vatsetis. Ya kasance na farko a karkashin gwamnatin Soviet aka nada kwamandan a shugaba. Wannan guda kaka aka kafa fronts - ta Kudu, Gabas da Arewa. Kowannen su suna da hedkwata. A watan farko na Red Army wani lokaci na rashin tabbas - da Bolsheviks aka tsãge ta tsakanin akida da kuma yi. Yanzu manufofin da pragmatism ya zama wata babbar, da kuma Red Army fara yarda da masu siffofin da tabbatar da harsashinsa a kan gaba shekarun da suka gabata.

War kwaminisanci

Ba tare da wani shakka, cikin dalilan halittar Red Army ne don kare Bolshevik gwamnati. A farko, shi sarrafawa wani sosai karamin sashi na Turai Rasha. A wannan yanayin, da RSFSR ya karkashin matsin na abokan adawar daga duk sãsanninta. Da zarar ya sa hannu da Brest yarjejeniya tare da Kaiser ta Jamus suka mamaye Rasha a cikin Entente iko. A baki ya kananan (da shi ya rufe kawai arewacin kasar). A Turai ikon kiyaye yafi fari makamai da kuma kudi. Domin Red Army sun kai hari a Faransa da kuma Turanci kawai wata ƙarin dalilin da bunqasar da kuma karfafa farfaganda a cikin sahu. Yanzu halittar Red Army a takaice kuma a fili iya bayyana Rasha kariya da waje mamayewa. Irin wannan kirarin ya taimaka wajen kara da ambaliya na sabon recruits.

A lokaci guda a ko'ina cikin yakin basasa, akwai matsala samar da sojoji da dukan albarkatun. A tattalin arzikin yana shanyayye, kamfanonin sau da yawa buga barke a kauyen ya zama na kullum yunwa. Wannan shi ne da wannan bango cewa Soviet hukuma fara bi manufar yaki kwaminisanci.

A gist na shi ne mai sauki. A tattalin arzikin girma da yawa Karkasa. A Jihar aka shan cikakken cikin hannuwansu da kasafi na albarkatun kasar. Industrial Enterprises da aka nationalized nan da nan bayan da Oktoba juyin juya halin. Yanzu, da Bolsheviks yi matsi duk da ruwan 'ya'yan itace daga kauyen. Requisitioning, samar da gwaggwabar riba haraji, mutum tsõro daga manoma, wanda ba ya so ya raba da gwamnati su hatsi - duk da shi zo a cikin play domin ya goyi bayan da kuma gudanar da Red Army.

Da yaki da yi ƙaura

Trotsky da kaina suka tafi wajen ƙofar domin sarrafa da kisan da umarni. Agusta 10, 1918 ya zo a Sviyazhsk, har daga gare shi da yaƙi don Kazan. A wani m yaƙi daya daga cikin Red Army regiments kãsa, ya gudu. Trotsky bayyane harbe kowane goma soja a wannan samuwar. Irin wannan tashin hankali, ya fi kama da na al'ada, reminiscent na zamanin d Roman hadisin - decimation.

By yanke shawara na Commissar fara harba ba kawai deserters, amma malingerers, to nẽman izni daga gaban da hasashen cutar. A apogee na yaki da 'yan gudun hijira da aka halittar zagranotryadov. A lokacin da gaba na da babban sojojin baya da fure musamman zaba soja da harbe duros na mata dama a lokacin yaki. Saboda haka tare da taimakon draconian matakan da m zaluntar, da Red Army zama abar tarbiyya. A Bolsheviks da ƙarfin hali da kuma hadin cynicism a kan abin da shugabannin bai yi kuskure ya White sojojin. Trotsky bai yi ƙyãmar wani hanyoyi don yada Soviet gwamnatin zarar zama da aka sani da "ruhu na juyin juya halin."

A daidaituwa na sojin kasar

A hankali canza da kuma bayyanar da Red Army. A farko, da Red Army ya ba bayar guda nau'i na tufafi. Sojoji ayan ci gaba da saka wa tsohon soja uniform ko fararen kaya. Saboda babbar ambaliya na manoma, sanye da takalma, shi ne da yawa fiye da saba sanye da takalma. Irin wannan rashin tsari dade har zuwa karshen da daidaituwa na sojin kasar.

A farkon shekara ta 1919 ya gabatar da faci-bambance bisa ga shawarar da Revolutionary Soja Council. A daidai wannan lokaci da Red Army samu da kansa hat, wanda ya zama sananne popularly kamar yadda Budenovka. Shirt da abakwat samu canza launin bawuloli. Recognizable alama ce mai jan star sewn a kan headdress.

A gabatarwar da Red Army a wasu daga cikin halayyar fasali na haihuwa sojojin suka kai ga cewa akwai 'yan adawa? Ungiya a cikin jam'iyyar. Its mambobi sun a cikin ni'imar da kin amincewa da akida jayayya. Lenin da Trotsky, hada karfi a cikin watan Maris 1919 a Sabunta Congress sun iya kare su ba shakka.

A fragmentation na White motsi, da iko farfaganda na Bolsheviks, su tabbatar da dalilin a dauke da fitar danniya su hadu da darajõji, kuma da yawa wasu yanayi ya kai ga gaskiya cewa Soviet ikon da aka kafa a ƙasar, kusan duk na tsohon Rasha daular, fãce Poland da kuma Finland. Red Army lashe yakin basasa. A karshe mataki na rikici ta ƙarfi da aka riga miliyan 5.5 mutane.