Dmitry Shostakovich: Tarihin mai girma mawaki

Dmitry Shostakovich, wanda tarihinsa yana sha'awar masoya masu yawa na kade-kade - ya zama sanannen wakilin Soviet, wanda ya fi sanannun ƙasashensa.

Yara na Shostakovich

An haife shi ne a ranar 25 ga Satumba, 1906 a St. Petersburg a cikin iyalin dan wasan pianist da likitan chemist. Waƙar, wanda a cikin iyalinsa ya kasance muhimmiyar abu (mahaifin - mai ƙauna mai ƙauna na kiɗa, mahaifiyar malami na piano), ya ɗauke shi daga ƙananan shekarunsa: ɗa mai ɗaci, yana zaune a piano, ya zama mai yin kida mai jin tsoro. Ya fara aiki "soja" ya rubuta a lokacin da yake da shekaru 8, a ƙarƙashin rinjayar tattaunawa game da tsofaffi game da fashewa na yakin duniya na farko. D. Shostakovich, wanda tarihinsa ya kasance tare da kiɗa a rayuwarsa duka, ya zama dalibin makarantar makaranta na IA Glasseur, malamin sananne. Ko da yake kayan yau da kullum na m tsarin rubutu Dmitry Masana mahaifiyarsa.

Shostakovich: tarihin dan wasan Soviet

A rayuwar Dmitry, tare da kiɗa, akwai ƙauna koyaushe. A karo na farko da wani saurayi yana da shekaru 13 ya ziyarci sihiri: abin sha'awa shine dan shekaru 10 mai suna Natalya Kube, wanda mai ba da kida ya keɓe wani ɗan ƙarami. Amma sannu-sannu ya rabu da hankali, kuma sha'awar ba da gudummawa ga matan da suke ƙauna suna kasancewa tare da pianist na gaskiya har abada.

Bayan karatu a makarantar sakandare, a 1919 Dmitry Shostakovich, wanda tarihinsa ya fara fararen wasan kwaikwayo, ya shiga Petrograd Conservatoire, ya kammala karatun digiri a 1923 a lokaci guda a cikin jinsuna biyu: haɗe-kide da piano. A lokaci guda a hanyarsa ya sadu da sabon tausayi - kyakkyawar Tatyana Glivenko. Yarinyar tana da shekaru da yawa a matsayin mawaki, cute, ilimi, da farin ciki da farin ciki, wanda ya yi wahayi zuwa Shostakovich don kirkiro Symphony na farko, wanda a karshen wannan makaranta ya sanya shi a matsayin jarida. Rashin jinin da aka nuna a cikin wannan aikin ya haifar ba kawai ta hanyar kauna ba, har ma da rashin lafiya, wanda ya haifar da dare marar barci daga mai rubutawa, abubuwan da yake da shi da kuma rashin tausayi da suke bunkasa a duk fadin wannan.

A zama mai kyau fara zuwa aikin m

Da farko na Symphony na farko, wanda ya shafe dukan duniya bayan shekaru masu yawa, an gudanar da shi a 1926 a St. Petersburg. Music sukar sun dauke a cikin talented mawaki ya cancanci maye hijira Sergeyu Rahmaninovu, Sergei Prokofiev da Igoryu Stravinskomu. Har ila yau, wannan mawallafin, ya kawo mawallafin matasa, da kuma mawallafi, na duniya. Lokacin da yake jawabi a gasar Kwallon Kasa na Duniya na farko a Warsaw a shekarar 1927, daya daga cikin wakilai, Bruno Walter, dan wasan kwaikwayo na Austro-American kuma mai jagoranci, ya ba da hankali ga basirar Shostakovich. Ya gayyaci Dmitry don yin wasa da wani abu, kuma lokacin da Symphony na farko ya fara motsa jiki, Walter ya tambayi mawakiya ya aika da shi a Berlin. 22 ga watan Nuwamba, 1927 shugaba yi wannan yanki na music fiye da ɗaukaka na Shostakovich ga dukan duniya.

A 1927, Shostakovich mai basira, wanda tarihinsa ya hada da dama da dama, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga nasarar da aka fara a Symphony na farko, ya fara kirkira wasan kwaikwayo "The Han" na Gogol. Daga baya, an halicci kundin kide-kide ta farko na Piano, bayan haka an rubuta karin hotunan guda biyu a ƙarshen 1920.

Cases na zuciya

Kuma me game da Tatyana? Ta, kamar yawancin 'yan mata da ba su da aure, suna jiran dogon lokaci ne don tayin hannu da zuciya mai ban tsoro Shostakovich, wanda ke da kwarewa da haske ga mata, ko dai bai yi tsammani ba, ko bai yi kuskure ba. Yawancin mutumin da ya sadu a kan hanyar Tatiana, ya jagoranci ta zuwa kullun; Ya haifi ɗa. Bayan shekaru uku, Shostakovich, yana biyan wannan lokaci yanzu wani ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunatacce, ya gayyaci Tatiana ya zama matarsa. Amma yarinyar ta zaɓi ta katse zumunta tare da wani basira mai basira wanda ya juya ya zama mummunan rayuwa.

A karshe ya tabbatar da cewa bai dawo da ƙaunatacciyarsa ba, Shostakovich, wanda tarihinsa ya haɗa tare da kiɗa da ƙauna, a wannan shekarar ya auri Nina Varzar, wani ɗan ƙaramin dalibi wanda ta zauna a shekaru fiye da 20. Matar da ta haife 'ya'ya biyu, ta kasance a cikin wadannan shekaru masu sha'awar aikin mijin ta wasu mata, da cin amana da ya yi a gaban mijinta ƙaunatacce.

Bayan mutuwar Nina Shostakovich, wanda labarinsa ya takaita ya hada da manyan mashahuran tarihi da shahararrun duniya, ya halicci iyali sau biyu: tare da Margarita Kayonova da Irina Supinskaya. Dangane da yanayin da ke cikin zuciyar, Dmitry bai daina yin halitta ba, amma a cikin rikici da kiɗa ya yi ta da hankali sosai.

A kan raƙuman ruwa na yanayi na hukumomi

A 1934, an shirya wasan kwaikwayo The Lady na Mtsensk District a Leningrad, nan da nan masu sauraro suka karbi "Hurray." Duk da haka, bayan shekara daya da rabi na wanzuwar ya kasance cikin hatsari: Hukumomin Soviet sun soki waƙar da ragowar waƙa da aka cire shi daga repertoire. Sabon Symphony na hudu na Shostakovich, wadda aka nuna ta da yawan ƙananan ƙaura kamar yadda ba a baya ba, ya kamata a gudanar a shekarar 1936. Saboda da m halin da ake ciki a kasar da kuma son zuciya irin hali na wakilan jihar ikon zuwa ga mutane ta kerawa, da farko yi wani m aikin da ya faru kawai a 1961. An sake sada zumunci ta 5 a 1937. A lokacin yakin War Shostakovich mai tsananin gaske ya fara aiki a kan Leningradskaya na 7, ya fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Maris 1942.

Daga 1943 zuwa 1948 Shostakovich ya shiga ayyukan koyarwa a Moscow Conservatory na Moscow, inda daga bisani aka kori shi daga hukumomin Stalinist, wadanda suka yi kokarin "tsaftace" Ƙungiyar Masu Rubuce-rubucen, saboda rashin ikon su. Tasirin Dmitry ya dace da aikin "daidai" ya kare halin da yake ciki. Bugu da ari, mai rubutun da ake tsammani ana shiga cikin ƙungiyar (tilasta), da sauran yanayi, wanda yafi sama da dama.

Shekaru na ƙarshe Shostakovich, wanda yawancin magoya bayan kiɗa na karatunsa ya yi nazari tare da sha'awa, yana fama da rashin lafiya, fama da ciwon huhu na huhu. Bai zama mawaki a 1975 ba. An binne toka a cikin kabari Novodevichy a Moscow.

A yau, ayyuka na Shostakovich, wanda ke nuna ladabi na mutum cikin jiki, yana kawo ladabi na mummunan wahalar ruhaniya - ana kashe su a duk faɗin duniya. Mafi shahararrun su ne Fifth da takwas na Symphonies na goma sha biyar rubuce. Daga cikin magunguna, wanda ya kasance goma sha biyar, mafi yawan wadanda aka kashe sune na takwas da goma sha biyar.