SS Division "Totenkopf". Alama SS Panzer Division "Totenkopf"

Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, da kuma mutanen Rasha, Warriot Patriotic, ya bar wata alama a cikin tarihin dukan jihohin - mahalarta. Har ya zuwa yau, wadannan abubuwan da suka faru suna cike da mummunan zalunci da girman nauyin ayyukan miliyoyin mutane. Samun sha'awa a cikin tarihin tarihi a tsakanin masu zamani na da kyau, ana iya hukunci da ita ta sabon sabbin littattafai, wadanda dama, wadanda suke da manufa ko a'a, suna karkatar da ma'anar ma'anar kayan tarihi. Sabili da haka, buƙatar yin magana game da yakin duniya na ƙarshe shine batutuwa masu mahimmanci.

Gabatarwar

Daga cikin masu bautar kansu na Nazism, wanda ya bambanta da mummunar mummunan zalunci da rashin aikin soja, bangarori na SS sun bayyana. A farkon ayyukan da ke gabashin gabas, ƙaddamar da wannan rarraba ya kasance mutuwa ce ga dukan waɗanda suke kan hanyarsu. A duk lokacin yakin wannan yanki na dakarun na irin wannan an kiyaye shi da fasaha. Mafi girman kisan-kiyashi a cikin kisan gillar da fararen hula da fursunonin yaki sun zama sananne ga sashen SS "Shugaban Matattu". Ya kamata a lura cewa, a yawancin rukunonin Rasha, wadannan raƙuman rashawa ba su haifar da tsoro ba, amma mummunan zullumi. Bisa ga tunawar mayakan mu, an harbe mutanen SS "kamar karnuka masu tsattsauran ra'ayi", kuma sun bi da su ta hanyar. Amma duk sun san gaskiyar cewa a matsayin ƙungiyar sojan soja, ƙungiyar "Matattu Matattu" ta yi nasara a cikin harin kuma ta dage kan tsaron. Don fahimtar dalili na wadannan "mayaƙan" ya zama dole ya juya zuwa tarihin fitowar wannan haɗin.

Himmler

Babban muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da sassan SS, wanda ke da nasaba da yakin, daya daga cikin manyan siyasar Jamus a cikin lokacin Nazism, Reichsfuhrer SS G. Himmler. Wannan adadi ne sanannun, bayanan sa ya zama daidai ga soja na wannan lokaci. Mafi girma sha'awa shi ne imani da daban-daban rituals, gudu, tsarin reincarnation, don haka a lokacin da ƙirƙirar SS "black tsari" ya gabatar da hankali da al'adun da na jago, wanda ya tushe a hankali.

A mataki na farko, Reichsfuhrer yayi shirin tsara wadannan raka'a a matsayin "rundunar soja". Ƙungiyoyin SS sun kunshi kawai 'yan launin fata ne masu kirkirar kiristanci waɗanda aka mayar da hankali ga Jam'iyyar Socialist Party. Ayyukan rundunar sojojin SS sun fara da farko a matsayin tsaro a cikin sojojin Jamus, amma an gudanar da horo a matakin yakin basasa. Shimler da gangan ya halicci sojojinsa, wanda, a cikin ra'ayinsa, ya kasance da bambanci da raɗin Wehrmacht kuma ya wakilci sababbin dakarun. Rashin jituwa tsakanin jami'an sojan, manyan jami'an tsaro mafi girma da kuma ra'ayoyin SS Reichsfuhrer sun haifar da cewa an rarraba rarrabuwa a cikin layi tare da babban kira. Rahoton SS shine "Shugaban Matattu" an halicce shi ne daga asalin tushen rayukan bil'adama wanda yake samuwa ga Himmler - kare kariya a sansani a Jamus. A cikin wannan, Theodore Eike ya taimaka masa sosai, kuma ya taimaka masa, wanda ba a iya nazarin halinsa ba tare da alamu ba. Duk da haka, aikinsa na musamman ga Hitler da Himmler a cikin maganganun baya buƙata.

Halitta rarraba

Taro sansanin Dachau dake kusa Munich. A bisa dalilin cewa an halicci "Matattu Matattu" a nan gaba. A 1934, Eike, a kan sanya shi Himmler, ya zama SS brigadenfuhrer kuma ya karbi shi a hannunsa a sansanin da aka yi watsi da shi, wanda ya ci gaba da cin hanci da rashawa. Ta hanyoyi masu wuya sai ya ba da umarni ga sansanin Dachau a cikin gajeren lokaci, don haka tun 1935 ya zama mai kula da dukan tsararren fursunoni a cikin yankin na uku.

Tarihin sashen SS "Shugaban Matattu" (Totenkopf) ya fara ne a shekara ta 1939, a farkon wannan ƙungiyar ne kawai ayyukan tsaro. Sunan kansa ya fito ne daga lambar da sojoji suka yi a kan buttonholes. Bugu da ƙari, sau biyu na gudu na Zig, masu gadi na sansanonin masu amfani da su suna amfani da su kamar kwanyar da kullun ketare. A tarihi, wannan alamar ba ta ɗaukar wani aiki mai ban mamaki ba, yana nuna raini ga mutuwa da kuma sadaukarwa. Eike ya kasance mai kyau a cikin dukkanin sababbin abubuwan Himmler, don haka aka zabi shi tare da son zuciyarsa. Misalin sashen SS "Shugaban Matattu" ya ƙawata maɓoɓin duk masu tsaron garuruwan har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin kuma ya kasance a kan hanyar SS. Don ƙirƙirar sabon irin sojojin da aka zaba Dachau, a kan da karkararta, da suka horar da. An gudanar da wannan zaɓi a kan ka'idodin matakai, Eike da kansa ya samar da shi. Girmancin na nan gaba soja na uku Reich dole ne ya zama tsakanin 178 cm kuma sun zama dole a mai kyau kiwon lafiya, dake da shekaru 17-18 zuwa shekaru 22. An ba da hankali sosai ga asalin launin fata da ra'ayi na siyasa. Ba a kimanta kwarewar ilimi ba.

Kamar yadda Eyke ya ce, soja bai kamata ya yi tunani ba, dole ne ya aiwatar da umurnin ba tare da nazarin yadda ya dace ba. A cikin horar da horarwa yana da cikakkiyar horo na horo na jiki da horo na siyasa bisa ga ƙiyayya da abokan gaba. Mutumin da ya kafa kansa, Equa, ya horar da shi. Rahoton SS shine "Shugaban Matattu" an halicce su a yanayin kyawawan horo da biyayya ga jagoranci, duk wadanda basu yarda da wannan hanya sun kasance a cikin sansanin zangon zaman fursunoni ba. Domin fahimtar mahimmanci game da halittar wannan sashi, dole ne a juya wasu bayanai daga rayuwar Eyke da hotunan tunaninsa. Hakan da yake yi wa Hitler da Himmler ya wuce dukkan iyakokin abin da ya dace.

Theodore Eike

Hakan ya faru ne a lokacin bazara, wanda ya kasance a cikin Jamus na Nazis da kuma farkon mulkin Hitler. Kasancewa a duniya (yakin farko) ba ya ba Eike matsayi ba, babu iko. Abubuwan dabbansa, da karimci da kwarewa, sun zo ga Nazis, don haka Himmler ya sanya shi makami mai karfi ga abokan gaba. Theodore Eike, bisa ga mutanensa, ya bambanta da mugunta da kaifi, musamman ma dangane da Yahudawa, 'yan Kwaminisanci da duk waɗanda basu da ma'anar "Aryan na gaskiya". Wadannan halaye sun kasance da amfani gareshi yayin da suke aiki a sansanonin tsaro, inda rashin horo da rashin amincewa da cin zarafin dokoki ba kawai daga fursunoni ba, amma an kaddamar da kariya. An yi godiya ga kokarinsa, kuma karuwar da aka yi a gaba ya dace da sabon matsayi. Bayan da ya kafa sansanin 'yan gudun hijirar, Eike ya sami damar da za ta sa mafarkin Himmler na "sabon sojan", wanda shi ne sashen SS na "Shugaban Matattu." Matsayin iliminsa ya zama kasa, ba shi da kwarewa. Shi dan jarumi ne mai sauƙi, wanda ya gina dangantaka tare da masu biyayya a cikin cikakken biyayya ga kowane umurni. Sojojin da suka amince da shi sun kira Eika "Daddy" kuma suka yi kokarin daidaita ra'ayoyinsa game da jarumi na uku na Reich. Saboda na jahilci shugabannin nan gaba Panzer Division SS "Mutuwa ta Head" sha wahala nauyi hasarori a cikin kayan aiki da kuma mutane, amma da suka fito a Eike juriya sojoji ƙyale su mayalwaci tsayayya da kaya da kuma ci gaba da fada, a yankunan da suka bar dukan sauran raka'a.

Symbolism

Yankin Jamus "Shugaban Matattu", kamar dukkan sassan SS a karkashin jagorancin Himmler, an halicce su a cikin wani wuri mai tsabta. Hadaka da ruhu, ra'ayoyi, bukatu, abokan gaba daya da abokai, burin da aka saba da shi da kuma rashin kulawa da hanyoyi a lokacin nasararsa - akan wadannan sassan ka'idoji na Nazis an halicce su. Alamar sashen SS shine "Shugaban Matattu" ya kamata ya tsoratar da magabtansa kuma ya yi wahayi zuwa ga abokai. Baya ga aikin da aka sanya, wannan alamar ta kwafe. Tare da wannan alamar da aka ƙididdige SSs sosai. Kuma, a matsayinka na mulkin, sun harbe har yanzu, sojojin Rasha ba da dadewa ba ne suka yi wa masu kisan kai kisan gilla. Har zuwa yanzu, sutin rabon "Matattu" ba shi da tushe. An bai wa manyan jami'an da sojoji. Sautin ya sanya shi a hannun sa Himmler, kafin sunan soja ya kasance dole ne adireshin "masoyi". An tsara nauyinta tare da alamomin runic, tsakiya na abun da ke ciki shi ne kullin tare da crossbones. Bayan mutuwar mai sautin ringi, ya zama dole ya mayar da shi zuwa ga Reichsfuehrer SS, wanda ya ajiye dukan kofe don tunawa da abokansa. Ta hanyar umarnin Himmler an hallaka dukan tarin, an binne shi a karkashin rushewar rushewar dutsen.

Waƙar farin ciki na sashen SS "Shugaban Matattu"

Halin da ake yi wa Hitler da kuma kwamandansa na yau da kullum sun kasance bisa tushen farfagandar Nazi daidai da shawara. The shugaban masu rinjaye na matasa da suke ba a zahiri hankali, magoya bayan launin fata theories na Hitler, ya sha farfaganda, matsakaicin adadin bayanai dauke tambura da waka ke e kanka ga Führer. Alal misali, tafiyar da sashen SS ɗin "Shugaban Matattu" ba ya ƙunshi duk wani bayanin sirri, yana da waƙa game da yadda muke rayuwa tare, za mu mutu tare kuma mu sha tare idan muna da sa'a. Wannan "kwarewa" yana aiki ne kawai don haɗa haɗin soja da kuma kula da ɗan'uwan ɗan'uwan cikin ƙungiyar.

Yarjejeniyar yamma

Gabatarwar Panzer Division ta gaba ta gaba "Shugaban Matattu" ya fara tafiyarsa ta Turai daga Poland. Ketare iyakar kasashen waje Eike sun kasance bayan da sojojin Sohr din suka shiga, an sanya su a matsayin 'yan sanda a yankin da aka mallaka. A cikin aikin soja, sojojin "Dead Head" ba su shiga ba, akwai matakai da dama da sassan da ke fitowa daga cikin kewaye, amma mahimmanci kungiyar ta yi yaƙi da farar hula. Bugu da ƙari, Himmler ya ji daɗin ayyukan da suke yi don tsaftacewa.

Don ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar sojojin SS ta ƙare, umurnin ya yanke shawara don horar da jami'an da Eike kan kanbarun da kuma maganin yaki, amma sakamakon ya kasance mummunar. Saboda haka, a watan Mayu 1940, zuwa iyakar Franco-Jamus, ƙungiyar "Matattu Matattu" yana da dacewa a matsayin ɓangare na ginin gine-gine, amma wannan lokaci tare da yiwuwar shiga cikin tashin hankali. A lokacin mamayewa, saboda rashin samarwa, sassan SS sunyi amfani da fashewar jama'a. Sojoji Eike sun bambanta da kansu a Faransa a yawancin fadace-fadace, amma hasararsu sun yi yawa. Wannan shi ne sakamakon jagorancin marasa rinjaye na jami'an. Daga bisani, Himmler ya "yi ba'a" ba ma ilimi ba, amma ya kasance mai iko mai aminci, sa'an nan ya bar ragamar a Bordeaux don gyara.

Yakin Gabas

Tun daga Afrilu 1940, wani taro na tura sojojin dakarun Jamus Jamus zuwa iyakar Soviet Union. Himmler ya shiga aikin sake fasalin dukkanin sassan SS. Wannan kuma ya shafi rikici na "Matattu Mutuwa": Ƙarin kamfanoni masu tallafi sun taimaka masa. Rikicin farko da sojojin Soviet suka faru ne a ranar 6 ga watan Yuli, 1941. A cewar Manstein, wanda dakarunsa suka fara ragamar mulki, 'yan kungiyar "Dead Head" suna da horo sosai, sun kai hari sosai a cikin yaki. Amma rashin daidaituwa na umurnin duk lokacin da ya dace ya rage zuwa zabin, sakamakon haka, dukkanin nasarar da aka samu ta hanyar "jinin jini" ya samu nasara. A cikin hunturu na 1941, asarar sun hada da kashi 50% na ƙarfin farko na ɗayan. Soviet sojojin fara kai hare hare da rundunar Jamus a arewacin shugabanci na gaba, da tsaro kwashe kowace rana ta daruruwan sojoji da reserves a Eicke aka ba bar a cikin sahu aka ma m wajen tunani da kuma jiki. Kodayake, tsararren tsararren da aka sanya shi ya zama wani yanki mai tsabta, har ma ba tare da kwamandan da aka tura shi ba.

Demyansky kettle

A farkon watan Janairu na shekara ta 42, a lokaci guda, sojojin Soviet hudu sun kai farmaki na 16 na Jamus tare da manufar kewaye da ita sannan kuma lalata shi. Babban kwamandan kungiyar sojojin Jamus "Legas" (General-Field Marshal) ya shaidawa Hitler game da halin da ke ciki da kuma yiwuwar rasa ƙungiyoyi na Wehrmacht. Amma ba a bin umurnin da aka ba da baya ba, wanda ya taimaka wa sojojin Rasha, duk da cewa sun sami babban hasara, don kammala aikin da kuma rufe kewaye a cikin Demyansk. A gaskiya ma, tun daga ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, sojojin Jamus sun yi yaƙi a cikin karamar. Leb ya yi murabus, a matsayinsa ya maye gurbin tsohon kwamandan rundunar soja ta 18th Army Kühler. Rahoton SS shine "Matattu Matattu" a cikin jirgin ruwa na Demyan yana tare da kwamandansa Theodore Eyke, inda ya fara tsaro. A cewar kafofin daban-daban, kusan kimanin 100,000 sojojin Jamus sun kewaye, wanda ya ci gaba da yakin basasa.

Don haka, bayanan garkuwa, wanda aka jefa a kan nasarar da aka kewaye a cikin watan Maris na 1942, shine sashen SS "Shugaban Matattu". Tarihin kashi na uku na farfadowa na rundunar soja na SS zai iya kawo ƙarshen kullun Demyan. Bayan haka, yayin da aka tsara fasalin Ramushevsky da kuma cire sauran sojojin, kasa da kashi 30 cikin dari na sojoji sun kasance daga cikin raka'a na Eyke. Har zuwa Oktoba 1942, ƙungiyar ta gudanar da matsayi a kan rukuni na Demyan, sakamakon haka aka aika da shi don hutawa da kuma ƙarfafawa Faransa.

Gyarawa

Sashen SS tank "Shugaban Matattu" ya bayyana a daidai wannan lokacin. Da umarnin Hitler, an kafa ƙungiyar a matsayin mai tanzami-grenadier. A kudancin Faransa, sojojin Eyke sun shiga Operation Atilla, bayan haka aka sauya ragowar zuwa Angouleme. Abubuwan da aka bazu da shi kuma sojoji sun huta don taimakawa kwamandan ya fara sabon horarwar koyarwar da ta sa ƙungiyar ta zama wani makami mai mahimmanci na Nazism. Sauran ya takaice kamar yadda halin da ke faruwa a gabashin ya zama barazanar, a farkon Fabrairun 1943 an canja wannan rukuni zuwa Ukraine kuma yana daga cikin sojojin "Kudu".

Mutuwar Eyke

Yakin da ake yi wa Kharkov ya haifar da babban hasara a bangarorin biyu. Eike ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamandan kwamandan domin ya nuna kyakkyawan shiri, don haka ya bukaci sanin ainihin wurin da dakarunsa suke. A ranar 26.02.43, sai ya dauki motar karshe a jirgin motar jirgin kasa guda ɗaya, wanda sojojin Soviet suka harbe daga rifles. An kori jikin Eick da binne a garin Orelki. Lokacin da sojojin Jamus suka sake komawa, toka sun kasance sun kasance sun kasance a cikin su kuma sun kasance a cikin Zhytomyr. A ƙarshen Disamba 43, sojojin Soviet sun janye birnin, kuma an binne Eike a ƙasa. A lokacin karbar sojojin Jamus daga Zhytomyr, dukkanin ƙungiyar SS sun kasance a wuri daban-daban, don haka ba za su iya fitar da jikin kwamandan ba.

Budapest

Bayan Ukraine, motsi na dakarun Jamus sun koma cikin dindindin, wani lokaci ana gudanar da su a wasu wurare kuma suna kare tsaro, amma sojojin Soviet ba za a iya dakatar da su ba. A kan iyakokin yammacin da aka tura sojojin sojan. Tsaron garuruwan da ke cikin gari ya ba da izinin shiga tsakani ta hanyar hada kai, amma sojojin Jamus ba su iya ci gaba da kai hare-hare ba. A yayin gabatarwa da yawa daga cikin SS sun haɗa da juna, sun hada da juna. Dole ne a biya kuɗin da ake buƙata don sake cikawa a kan kuɗin da ya dace don sabis na masu aiki. Don kare Budapest, dukkanin sojojin da ke kusa da Wehrmacht sun janye, wanda hakan ya ci gaba da aiwatar da karfin sojojin Soviet na Berlin da Vienna. Daga Janairu zuwa Afrilu, yakin basasar Hungary, makullin don samar da man fetur na Jamus, ya ci gaba. Masana tarihi ba su tabbatar ba, amma tabbas sun hadu da sassan biyu na soja SS: rabon Edelweiss da "Matattu Matattu".

"Farkawa daga Spring", mika wuya

A watan Maris na shekarar 1945, shi ya zahiri wanzu a rukuni na sojojin, kamar yadda SS Division "Totenkopf". Photo da kuma film archives ce cewa matsananci sha da kuma ja da baya gaba daya demoralized saurã daga Jamus raka'a kusa Lake Balaton shirya don su karshe m. Don wannan karshen da aka ja dukan yiwu reserves, Hitler kira da aiki "Spring farkawa." Yana da wannan tsari da kuma zama wani babban cikas ga Wehrmacht sojojin. Spring marshy ƙasa thinned, abu don jinkirta da farko da kuma, daidai da, asarar himma. Da gazawar da Hitler ta karshe aiki sa a wani Fitowa na sojoji da kuma su sallama. May 8, 1945 ragowar zarar high-karshen dangane "Totenkopf" ( "Mutuwa ta Head") mika wuya ga Amirkawa suka tattara zuwa Linz kuma a zahiri kyale unobstructed nassi na Soviet sojojin a Vienna. A capitulation aka karɓa, amma a request na Soviet umurnin division sharan (game da dubu) aka canjawa wuri zuwa kasar na lashe.