A farko Arctic ayarin a tarihi

Wannan shekara kiwon da saba'in da biyar zuwa rana, a lokacin da soja suka fara shiga Murmansk cargoes tsĩrar da Amurka da Birtaniya su yi yaƙi da na kowa, maƙiyi - Nazi Jamus. Su isar da shi ne musamman kalubale, amma an da matukar bukatar baki, da kuma farkon shi sa na farko Arctic ayarin, suka tafi a tarihi karkashin sunan "Dervish".

Sake nema da kwarewa da past ƙarni

Arctic convoys yakin duniya na II ya ci gaba da al'adar, wanda aka qaddamar da Spain matsayin farko a matsayin XVI karni. A waɗannan bygone sau, suka convoyed galleons hawa a fadin Atlantic ton na zinariya da azurfa, sata a kudancin Amirka. Kamar yadda bi har da irin wannan nauyi shi ne mai matukar hatsari jiragen ruwa taru a kan hanyoyi na Havana, da kuma riga a karkashin murfin na Spanish bindigogi, tafiya a fadin expanses infested da Turanci fashi.

Kuma haka ne, a lokacin da a watan Yuli 1941, Moscow da kuma London sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a kan juna ayyuka a yaki da Jamus da kuma Churchill yi wa'adi Stalin ta taimako a cikin kome cikin ikonsa, Birtaniya tuna cewa hanya, wanda shekaru hudu da suka wuce, teku dako kare ta su m compatriots.

Wannan tabbatar da zama da amfani sosai, saboda kawai makonni biyu da Tarayyar Soviet sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Amurka a kan soja da kayayyaki, da Congress wanda soma jihar shirin na kawance sojojin na samar da harsasai, kayan aiki, abinci da kuma magani, da aka sani a tarihi karkashin sunan da Ka taimaka-Lease. A wannan batun, cikakken tambaya tashi - yadda za a isar da lodi sãshensu waliyyai a Soviet mashigai.

Hanyoyi don magance matsalar

Akwai uku mafita ga wannan matsala. Daya hanya ne, ta hanyar da tekun Pacific, amma saboda duk Soviet Far Eastern tashar jiragen ruwa na Vladivostok sani kawai, an nasaba da dogo tare da gaban-line yankunan. Sãshensu waliyyai ne berths a kai a kai moored jiragen ruwa, da kuma, duk da cewa da Trans-Siberian Railway aka gwada da low bandwidth a lokacin yaki ya kan shi da aka tsĩrar 47% na soja kaya. Amma matsalar shi ne cewa wannan hanya ne sosai a lokacin cinyewa.

Na biyu, kuma mafi amintattu hanyar gudu cikin Persian Gulf da kuma Iran. Duk da haka, saboda fasaha matsaloli, sun kasance iya amfani da kawai a tsakiyar 1942, yayin da ake buƙata taimako zuwa gaban nan da nan. Saboda haka arewacin Arctic convoys ne na uku embodiment na isar da dukiya aikatã Allied umurnin da dama abũbuwan amfãni a kan sauran biyu.

Na farko, shi ake bukata mun gwada kadan lokaci. Arctic ayarin iya sadar da kaya a kawai goma - kwana goma sha biyu, kuma abu na biyu, Arkhangelsk da Murmansk, inda sauke, kusa isa zuwa yankin na tashin da kuma tsakiyar kasar.

Duk da haka, wannan hanya ya fraught tare da hatsarori stemming daga gaskiya cewa jiragen sun tilasta su motsa tare da bakin tekun na Norway, shagaltar da ta Jamus. A mahimmin juzu'in hanyar da suka yi nasara a nan da nan kusanci na hadahada da kuma na sojan ruwa da kwasfansu na abokan gaba. Duk da haka, duk da kome da kome, wannan hanya da aka ba makawa, kuma Arctic Allied convoys na 1941-1945 sanya wani gagarumin taimako da shan kashi na abokan gaba. Musamman mai girma ne da rawar da ya a farkon shekara na yaki.

wayoyi Hanyar kai tasoshin

Don daidai da yiwu hare-haren da makiya, Allied umurnin dabara aka ci gaba, godiya ga wanda Arctic ayarin iya amince da kaya kamar yadda zai yiwu. Transports aka gina ba guda ãyari, da kuma gajeren farkawa shafi, motsi da gaban a wani babba nesa daga juna, kuma sau da yawa canza hanya. Wannan ba kawai damar domin mafi inganci kula da su ba, amma halitta ƙarin wuya daga wani Jamus submarine.

Don magance submarines tsara kananan jirgin rakiya, kunsha na minesweepers, frigates kuma hallaka. Sun kasance a wasu nisa daga jiragen ruwa da rakiyar su. Bayan su, da fama manufa za'ayi ya fi girma jiragen ruwa, zuwa kusa zuwa ga tudu, kuma an yi su don yin tunãni makiya surface da sojojin da kuma jirgin sama.

Cikin hanya har zuwa Bear Island, dake a yammacin ɓangare na Barents Sea, arewacin Arctic convoys karkashin kariyar Birtaniya sojojin ruwa da kuma iska karfi. A karshe mataki, wannan wajibi fadi a kan Soviet matuƙan da airmen.

Arctic Allied convoys 1941-1945, aka kafa, suka kuma ɗauki a cikin kaya riqe a Scottish tashar jiragen ruwa, dake a cikin bay na Loch U. Bugu da ari, su hanya sa a Reykjavik, inda jiragen ruwa gudu da man fetur tankuna, sa'an nan ya bi zuwa ga makõma. A ra'ayi na kankara yanayi, wadannan wata hanya da aka aza kamar yadda zai yiwu zuwa arewa. Wannan ya yi wa kara da nisa daga Coast, sun shagaltar da abokan gaba.

Biyu daban-daban wuraren view

Yana da muhimmanci a lura daya daki-daki ne a waɗannan shekaru, a dalilin wasu jijiyoyin wuya tsakanin Soviet shugabannin da su Burtaniya takwarorinsu. Bisa ga umarnin bayar da Admiralty zuwa Her sarki, da kuma ya shafi dukkan warships, ba kawai waɗanda cewa kasance wani ɓangare na Arctic convoys, kai, lalace ko ɓacewa a cikin fama management, ƙungiya canja wuri zuwa wani kotu, kuma su nemi torpedoes da kuma Mun tafi da kasa.

Wannan ya yi saboda rayuwa na matuƙan aka kafa nisa sama ri dukiya, da kuma wani yunkurin ceto mutuwa jirgin hõre su wani mummunan hadarin. Ko daga cikin m gefe, Birtaniya yi imani da cewa za a shirya wani farko-aji ƙungiya, shi ne yafi wuya gina jirgin. Wannan dabarar kasance cikakken bayyana wa Soviet gefe, kuma sau da yawa ya dalilin zargin masõya a cikin wani kokarin isar da tashar jiragen ruwa na tashar kaya kamar yadda kadan ne sosai.

Good luck, a tare da "Dervish"

A farko Arctic ayarin, code-mai suna "Dervish", bar tashar jiragen ruwa na Reykjavik, 21 ga watan Agusta 1941. Yana kunshi shida Burtaniya kai jiragen ruwa da kuma daya Soviet. Su aminci an tabbatar bakwai minesweepers da biyu hallaka. Amince kai Mala'iku, Agusta 31 transports aka unloaded a banki na goma sha biyar "Hurricane" mayakan, game da dubu huɗu zurfin zargin, da dama dozin manyan motoci, kazalika da ton na roba, ulu da kowane irin kayan.

Arctic Allied convoys na 1941-1945. rahotanni sun kasance a umurnin code sunan fara haruffa PQ. Da shi shi ne harafin farko na sunan da Birtaniya Admiralty jami'in Peter Kvilina (Peter Quelyn), shi ne alhakin shirya da kariya daga kai tasoshin. Wadannan haruffa tafi da jerin adadin na gaba jerin gwanon. Tafiyar, zuwa a gaban shugabanci, denoted QP, kuma ma suna da wani jerin lambar.

A farko Arctic ayarin, suka tafi a tarihi a matsayin PQ-0, kai Arkhangelsk ba tare da matsaloli yafi saboda Jamus umurninSa, mayar da hankali a kan "blitzkrieg" - walƙiya yaki, fatan kammala Eastern yaƙi ko da a gaban farko na hunturu, da kuma bai biya isa da hankali ga abin da ke faruwa a cikin Arctic. Duk da haka, a lokacin da shi ya zama na fili da cewa yaki zai zama dogon gwagwarmaya tare da Arctic convoys samu wani muhimmanci na musamman.

A taro na maƙiyi sojojin a yaki da Allied convoys

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa bayan May 1941 Birtaniya flagship aka sunk da Jamusanci Navy jirgin ruwa na soja "Bismarck", Hitler dakatar duk su crews na surface jiragen ruwa don shiga cikin wani bude yaƙi da Birtaniya. Dalilin shi sosai sauki - Ya ji tsoron sake ba da makiya dalilin bikin. Yanzu hoton ya canza.

A farkon hunturu na 1942 a cikin yankin na yiwu bayyanar da Birtaniya convoys aka nan da nan aka tura uku nauyi Cruisers da daya haske. Bugu da kari, suna da tallafawa biyar hallaka da kuma submarines goma sha biyar. A layi daya tare da wannan, yawan jiragen da aka tushen at hadahada a Norway, an karu zuwa biyar da ɗari raka'a, wanda a yarda, a watan Afrilu na wannan shekara zuwa fara yau da kullum da iska hare-hare a kan Murmansk.

Irin matakan ne ya dauki sakamako, da kuma zumunta kwantar da hankula a halin da ake ciki wanda sanya su na farko mika mulki convoys, aka maye gurbinsu da ba fama halin da ake ciki. Masõya sha wahala na farko asara a Janairu 1942, a lokacin da Jamus kasance wani ɓangare na ayarin PQ-7 da aka sunk ta Birtaniya kai jirgin "Waziristan".

Asarar masõya, kuma su martani

Gina a kan nasara, da Jamus umurnin shirya wani real farauta domin na gaba ayarin PQ-8. A nasa interception zo jirgin ruwa na soja "Tirpitz", shi ne a replica sunk kafin "Bismarck" da kuma uku hallaka da dama submarines. Duk da haka, duk da dukan} o} arin, na dace ganewa na Arctic ayarin da suka gaza, kuma daya kawai, amma sosai m ga mu da aka azabtar ya da wani Soviet kai jirgin "Izhora", domin fasaha dalilai, da stragglers daga babban rukuni.

Abin baƙin ciki, nan Allied asarar ƙara muhimmanci. A cewar taƙaitawar da rana, a watan Maris 1942, da Jamus gudanar ya nutse biyar Birtaniya transports, kuma a watan gobe, suka hadu ne da wani tara jiragen ruwa kasance wani ɓangare na hudu convoys daure saboda Murmansk.

Duk da haka, babban soja setback Birtaniya Afrilu 30 a lokacin da wani torpedo kora daga wani Jamus submarine aka sunk da jirgin ruwa na soja "Edinburgh", ya dawo zuwa gaba na kasar Birtaniya. Tare da shi, suka tafi da kasa, sun kasance a cikin manyan bindigogi cellars biyar da rabi ton na zinariya samu daga Soviet gwamnati a sama domin soja kayayyaki da cewa ba gratuitous domin mu.

Daga bisani, da zinariya aka tashe a cikin shakka daga cikin aikin ceto, wanda ya faru a lokacin daga shekarar 1961 zuwa 1968. A daidai da hannu kwangila kafin, duk an raba tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet, Birtaniya, da kuma kamfanonin da cewa za'ayi karkashin ruwa ayyukansu.

Sa'an nan a shekarar 1942, saboda wahalad da halin da ake ciki, da kawayenta gaggawa matakan da aka dauka. American rundunar aika tsare convoys quite m rundujar soja masu dawaki, kunsha na biyu battleships, biyu Cruisers da shida hallaka. Kada ka zauna a gefe da kuma Soviet umurninSa. Idan kafin Arewa rundunar za'ayi da wayoyi kai tasoshin kawai musamman sanya shi ga wannan dalili jiragen ruwa, a yanzu su aka aika zuwa gare duk, ba tare da togiya, da samuwa sojojin.

A feat na ƙungiya daga "Old Bolsheviks"

Ko da a cikin wani yanayi inda hallara a kowane jirgin bukata da crews na ƙarfin hali da kuma heroism, akwai yanayi a cikin abin da wadannan halaye suna musamman da ake bukata. An misali ne ceton Soviet matuƙan abin hawa "Old Bolshevik" jirgin ruwa, wadda aka saki daga Reykjavik, tare da ayarin PQ-16. Iya 27, 1942 an kai hari ta hanyar Jamus jirage da kuma bama-bamai a sakamakon, da wuta fara a kan jirgin hit.

Duk da cewa a kan jirgin sun dama ton na bama-bamai, da matuƙan ki su bayar da Turanci takwarorinsu je a kan jirgin daya daga cikin su jiragen ruwa, da kuma duk ƙungiya yi yaƙi da wuta. Awowi takwas, daga baya, da wuta, kullum barazanar fashe, aka shãfe haskensu, kuma "Tsohon Bolshevik" nasarar kama da sauran kotu, wanda ya tafi a kan ta hanyar Murmansk.

Bala'i Arctic ayarin PQ-17

A rabo daga wannan jerin gwanon, wanda aka saki daga Hvalfjörður Yuni 27, 1942, ya zama babbar bala'i ga dukan zamanin da da isar da kawance kaya a kan Arctic hanya. Yana faru kamar yadda aka baya baki daya lura soja masana, kawai saboda da Laifi na Birtaniya Admiralty, Admiral Dinar.

Yana duk fara da cewa bayan kwanaki hudu, da jerin gwanon da aka gano ta Jamus jirage, bada iko a kan ruwa yanki na Norwegian Sea. Ya nan da nan aka aika zuwa sakonnin da manyan sojin ruwa da kuma iska sojojin, da hari da Birtaniya gane kan kwana uku, rasa uku kai jirgin ruwa. Yana yiwuwa cewa sauran na kotu kuma zai kai ga makõma, amma a kan Yuli 4, da ya zama sananne cewa gusa daga kwata da kuma fuskanta zuwa gare su ne mafi girma a lokacin, da jirgin na Jamus Navy - "Tirpitz" jirgin ruwa na soja.

Wannan giant, sanye take da takwas pyatnadtsatidyuymovymi bindigogi, wanda ya iya hallaka ba kawai duk kayan da jiragen ruwa masõya, amma tare da su da kuma kariya daga jirgi. Koyo da wannan, Admiral Dinar sanya banrazana yanke shawara. Ya yi umurni da jiragen ruwa don su tsare kada su shiga yaƙi da jirgin ruwa na soja da kuma matsawa wani babba nesa. Transport wannan kotun ya bazu, kuma daya bayan daya zuwa bi a Murmansk.

A sakamakon haka, "Tirpitz", ba gano abokan gaba taro, koma ga tushe, da kuma transports warwatse bisa ga admiral ta umarni da teku, ya zama mai sauki manufa domin maƙiyi jirgin sama da kuma submarines. Statistics wannan bala'i, mai tsanani. Na talatin da shida Allied kai jiragen ruwa, ashirin da uku da aka sunk, kuma tare da su a kan kasa hagu, ɗaukar su a su riqe, uku da rabi dubu motoci, mutum ɗari huɗu da arba'in da tankuna, da ɗari biyu da jirgin sama da kuma game da mutum ɗari da dubu ton na daban-daban cargoes. The biyu jiragen ruwa jũya bãya, kuma kawai goma sha kai da tashar jiragen ruwa na makõma. Daya ɗari da hamsin da uku, an kashe mutane da ɗari uku da rai da aka ajiye kawai a lokacin da ya je ceto Soviet matuƙan.

A sakamakon da bala'i

Wannan bala'i kusan sa ƙarshe na Madubin to Tarayyar Soviet na soja kaya, da kuma kawai a karkashin matsin lamba daga Moscow, Birtaniya da aka tilasta su ci gaba da baya alkawura. Duk da haka, bayan na gaba ayarin rasa uku jiragen ruwa torpedoed ta Jamus submarines, kara aika aka dage har sai farkon na iyakacin duniya dare.

Bayan takaici rasa ayarin Birtaniya umurnin canza m, a cikin ra'ayi, da codename a kan YW PQ, kuma RA. Akwai kuma wani ƙoƙari sumoga kaya guda kai tasoshin, amma shi bai kawo ake so sakamakon ma ƙare su asara da kuma asarar rai.

Kawai a watan Disamba 1942, soja luck Burtaniya. A biyu daga cikin jerin gwanon a watan sun iya cimma lossless Murmansk. Akwai shaida da cewa wannan ya sa a cikin wani indescribable fushi da Hitler, da kuma kudin-Cif na Navy na Grand Admiral Raeder.

Luck jũya daga Nazis

Duk da haka, a lokacin da yaki ya zo bayyananne karaya. Mai Jamus surface jiragen ruwa suka koma sauran yankunan, da kuma a cikin tsawon 1943-1945 shekara da Allied convoys sun kusan na musamman na submarine. Adadin su rage saboda magance asarar da, yayin da Jamus masana'antu a wancan lokacin ya riga ya iya cika su.

A karshen watan Disamba 1943 a Jamus Navy ya rasa daya daga cikin mafi kyau warships - Santa Fe "Scharnhorst", sunk ta Birtaniya yayin da yunƙurin kai farmaki Arctic ayarin qazanta da YP-55 suna. Daidai da bakin ciki rabo raba flagship sojan ruwan Forces of Jamus - da jirgin ruwa na soja "Tirpitz". Ashe, ba shiga yaƙi, an halaka su da Birtaniya jirgin sama kai tsaye a ginshiƙin gada.

Taimako matuƙan na Allied Powers ga nasara

A lokacin yakin, da Arctic convoys, photos of wanda aka gabatar a wata takarda tsĩrar da mu ƙasar hudu da rabi ton miliyan na soja kaya da abinci, wanda ya kasance game da talatin bisa dari na girman da dukan Union agaji. Tare da takamaiman game da makamai, shi da aka tsĩrar zuwa arewa da akalla rabin na jimlar yawan bayar da Tarayyar Soviet, Birtaniya da kuma Amurka. Total Arctic convoys aka za'ayi a nan da nan kusanci na Jamus-shagaltar da ƙasar 1398 kai jirgin ruwa.

Wannan shekara, da jama'a a cikin kasar, kazalika da Amurka da kuma Birtaniya a yi bikin ranar tunawa da farko Arctic ayarin. Sai ya zama mai muhimmanci kwanan wata. Tsohon masõya bikin ta 75th ranar tunawa. Arctic convoys sun taka irin wannan muhimmiyar rawa a da shan kashi na Nazi Jamus, cewa da darajar ba za a iya overestimated, sabili da haka, bikin shirya domin lokaci a Pomorie, kai dace ikon yinsa. Suna halartar wakila daga kasashen tara.

Baya Severodvinsk da Arkhangelsk, events to alama wannan biki, kuma aka gudanar a Murmansk da St. Petersburg, inda shekaru biyu da suka wuce akwai wani abin tunawa ga Arctic convoys. Tun da farko, da wani abin tunawa a ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar da mahalarta daga waɗanda jaruntakar events aka kafa a Murmansk.

A lokacin bikin a Rasha talabijin nuni, yi da American filmmaker a 2001 shirin gaskiya "Arctic Allied convoys na 1941-1945.". Tare da wannan movie film na mu compatriots sun iya koyon abubuwa da yawa game da abubuwan da suka fãta shimfiɗaɗɗa a cikin shekaru na yaki a cikin tẽku sarari na arewacin latitudes.