All bude Mendeleev

Rasha Dmitri masanin kimiyya Mendeleev (1834-1907) an mafi kyau a san shi da lokaci-lokaci dokar da sunadarai abubuwa, da tebur da aka gina a kan tushen da abin da suka kasance saba wa kowane mutum har yanzu a makaranta. Amma a gaskiya, babban masanin kimiyyar sha'awar da dama yankunan na ilimi. Mendeleyev Discovery hade tare da sunadarai, kimiyyar lissafi, metrology, tattalin arziki, binciken kasa, ilimi, aeronautics da t. D.

lokaci-lokaci dokar

Lokaci-lokaci dokar - daya daga cikin muhimman hakkokin dokokin yanayi. Shi ya ta'allaka ne da cewa da kaddarorin sinadaran abubuwa dogara a kan su atomic nauyi. Mendeleev gano lokaci-lokaci dokar a 1869. Cika su kimiyya da juyin juya halin da aka gane da chemists a lokaci daya.

Rasha masu bincike sun samarwa da dokar-gudana tsarin, ta hanyar abin da shi yiwuwa a hango ko hasashen da ba a sani ba idan da sinadaran abubuwa da kuma ko da dũkiyõyinsu. Bayan su bude nan da nan (shi ne mai gallium, germanium da scandium), masana kimiyya daga ko'ina cikin duniya suka fara gane da muhimman hakkokin yanayi na lokaci-lokaci dokar.

Mendeleev ta samu ya faru ne a lokacin da kimiyya da aka wadãtar da sabon facts warwatse a game da duniya kewaye da mu. Saboda wannan, lokaci-lokaci dokar da gina a kan tushen da ya lokaci-lokaci tebur na abubuwa suna fuskantar tsanani kalubale. Alal misali, a 1890. Yana da aka gano da daraja gas da kuma sabon abu na radioactivity. Kare ka'idar Mendeleev ci gaba da bunkasa tebur, correlating shi tare da dukkan sabon hujjojin kimiyya. A 1900, da sunadarai sa argon, helium da su analogues a raba rukuni na sifili. A tsawon lokaci, da muhimman hakkokin yanayi na lokaci-lokaci dokar da aka zama ƙara wasu, da kuma a yau ya an dauki daya daga cikin mafi girma da binciken a cikin tarihi na kimiyyar yanayin halitta.

silicate bincike

Lokaci-lokaci dokar - shi ne musamman da muhimmanci page a tarihin kimiyya, amma gano Mendeleev a cikin sunadarai ba karshen. A 1854 ya yi karatu Finnish orthite da pyroxene. Shi ne kuma daya daga cikin hawan keke na ayyukan Mendeleyev kishin sunadarai na silicates. A 1856, masana kimiyya da aka buga rubutun "Specific girma" (kamar yadda aka kiyasta da dangantakar dake tsakanin adadin abu kuma da halaye). A cikin sura ta a kan silica mahadi Dmitry Ivanovich bada haske a kan yanayin silicates. Bugu da ƙari, ya farko ya ba da daidai fassarar da sabon abu idon yayi kamar gilashi jihar.

gas

Farkon gano Mendeleev aka hade tare da wani sinadaran da jiki a lokaci guda taken - nazarin gas. A masanin kimiyya tsunduma a cikinsa, tunawa a cikin search for da Sanadin dokar periodicity. A cikin XIX karni a filin daga kimiyya ya kasance cikin manyan ka'idar da "duniya ether" - da mawadaci matsakaici ta hanyar abin da canjawa wuri zafi, haske da nauyi.

By nazarin wannan jarrabawa, Rasha bincike zo zuwa wasu muhimmanci karshe. Kamar wancan bude a cikin lokaci-lokaci kimiyyar lissafi, babban abin da za a iya kira da manufa gas lissafi bayyanar da duniya gas m. Bugu da kari, Dmitri Ivanovich nasu thermodynamic zazzabi sikelin da aka samarwa.

Total Mendeleev buga 54 ayyukansu kishin gas da kuma taya. Mafi shahara shi ne "duniya ether Experience sinadaran Concepts" a cikin wannan sake zagayowar (1904) da kuma "An ƙoƙari fahimta da sinadaran duniya aether" (1905). A aikinsu, masana kimiyya sun yi amfani da virialnye gabatar da game da shi, aza harsashin ginin zamani lissafai ga real gas.

mafita

Dmitri Mendeleev sha'awar mafita a ko'ina ya kimiyya aiki. Bincike a kan wannan topic bai bar wani cikakken ka'idar, amma iyakance zuwa 'yan muhimman hakkokin theses. Abu mafi muhimmanci game da mafita ya dauke su dangantaka da mahadi, da sunadarai da kuma sinadaran ma'auni a mafita.

All bude Mendeleev jarrabe su ta hanyar experimentation. Wasu daga cikin su damu tafasar batu na mafita. Ta hanyar daki-daki analysis zaren Mendeleev a 1860 shekara zo ga ƙarshe cewa, wucewa a karkashin reflux tururi, ruwa hasarar zafi na vaporization da surface tashin hankali saukar zuwa sifili. Har ila yau, masana kimiyya Dmitri Ivanovich na mafita rinjayi samuwar ka'idar da electrolyte mafita.

Mendeleev m na abin da ya bayyana a cikin lokaci game da ka'idar electrolytic dissociation. Ba tare da musun da sosai ra'ayi, da masanin kimiyyar ishãra zuwa da bukatar ta bita, wanda aka kai tsaye alaka da aikin a kan sinadaran da mafita.

Taimako zuwa aeronautics

Dmitri Mendeleev, binciken da kuma nasarorin da cewa rufe daban-daban duniyoyin na mutum ilmi, da sha'awar ba kawai a cikin msar tambayar batutuwa, amma kuma amfani ƙirƙirãwa. A ƙarshen XIX karni aka alama ta ƙara sha'awa a cikin nascent aeronautics. Hakika, da Rasha malamin ba zai iya taimaka amma kula da halin da nan gaba. A 1875 da ya halitta nasa aikin stratospheric. A ka'idar, da na'urar iya ko hawa zuwa babba yanayi yadudduka. A yi, da farko da irin wannan jirgin ya faru ne kawai shekaru hamsin da daga baya.

Wani firtsi Mendeleev aka aiki a kan balan-balan injuna. Aeronautics sha'awar masana kimiyya, ba kalla dangane da sauran aiki alaka meteorology da kuma gas. A 1887, Mendeleev sanya wani gwajin jirgin a cikin wani balan-balan. Balan-balan gudanar ya rufe a nesa na 100 kilomita a tsawon kusan 4 kilomita. A lokacin da jirgin sunadarai ta samu kyautar zinare aerostatic Faransa Academy of Meteorology. A cikin monograph a kan juriya da muhalli al'amura, Mendeleev sadaukar aeronautics daya daga sassan a cikin abin da aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki, ya views a kan wannan batu. Scientific sha'awa cikin aukuwa jirgin sama majagaba Alexander Mozhaiskogo.

A ci gaba da Arewa da kuma Shipbuilding

Aiyuka Mendeleev ta samu, da jerin wanda zai iya ci gaba da matsayin irin wannan a cikin filin na Shipbuilding, sanya a hadin gwiwa tare da kasa da bincike expeditions. Saboda haka, Dmitri Ivanovich farko samarwa da ra'ayin towing tank - gwaji saitin ake bukata domin hydro-inji karatu na jirgin model. A cikin aiwatar da wannan masanin kimiyya ta ideas taimake Admiral Stepan Makarov. A daya hannun, da pool da ake bukata domin kasuwanci da kuma soja-fasaha dalilai, amma a lokaci guda, shi ya tabbatar da amfani ga kimiyya. Gwajin sa-kaddamar a 1894.

Bugu da kari, Mendeleev gina wani wuri samfur na icebreaker. The masanin kimiyyar da aka hada a hukumar ya zabi aikin da jama'a arziki na farko a duniya da irin wannan jirgin. Sun zama icebreaker "Ermak" ƙaddamar a 1898. Mendeleev aka tsunduma a gudanar da bincike na teku ruwa (ciki har da yawa). The abu don nazarin shi na samar da dukkan wannan, Admiral Makarov, wanda yake a cikin wani duniya yawon shakatawa na "Vityaz". Mendeleev ta samu a cikin labarin kasa, darasin da al'amari na ci na Arewa, da aka gabatar da masana kimiyya a fiye da 36 da aka buga ayyukansu.

metrology

Bugu da kari zuwa wasu kimiyyar, Mendeleev sha'awar metrology - da kimiyya na wajen da kuma hanyoyin da ji. Masana kimiyya suna aiki wajen samar da sababbin hanyoyin yin la'akari. Kamar yadda wani sunadarai, ya kasance mai husũma na sinadaran ji hanyoyin. Mendeleev ta samu, da jerin wanda aka bayansa a kowace shekara, ba kawai kimiyya, amma a zahiri - a 1893, Dmitri Ivanovich bude Main majalisar na kaya masu nauyi da kuma Rasha. Ya kuma ƙirƙira da kansa zane da kuma detent rocker.

pyrocollodion

A 1890, Dmitry Mendeleyev tafi a kan dogon tafiya kasashen waje, da manufar wanda ya ga samun Masana waje dakunan gwaje-gwaje domin ci gaba da nakiyoyi. The masanin kimiyya dauki up wannan batu tare da jerawa na jihar. A Admiralty ya aka tambaye su ba da taimako ga ci gaban Rasha kasuwanci gunpowder. A Mafarin na tafiya Mendeleev ya mataimakin Admiral Nikolai Chikhachev.

Mendeleev yi imani da cewa m porohodelii mafi ake bukata don ci gaba da tattalin arziki da kuma kasuwanci gefe. Ya kuma dage a kan yin amfani da yi na musamman Rasha raw kayan. Babban sakamako na aikin Dmitri Mendeleev a cikin wannan yanki shi ne ci gaban da su a 1892, sabon pyrocollodion, sananne ga ta smokeless. Soja masana yaba da ingancin da nakiyoyi. A peculiarity pyrocollodion shi ne da abun da ke ciki, wanda ya hada da wani yiwuwa solubility na nitrocellulose. Shirya samar da sabon foda, Mendeleev ya so ya ba shi wani stabilized flatulence. Don yin wannan, a cikin yi da nakiyoyi ƙarin reagents, ciki har da dukan Additives aka yi amfani.

tattalin arzikin

A duban farko, gano Mendeleev a ilmin halitta ko metrology ba a hade tare da image daga cikin shahararrun sunadarai. Duk da haka, har ma fiye da m daga kimiyya bincike masanin kimiyyar da aka kishin tattalin arziki. Su Dmitry Ivanovich ya wadãtu da a daki-daki, ga ci gaban kwatance da tattalin arzikin kasar. Back a 1867, ya shiga na farko m jam'iyya na 'yan kasuwa - da Society sa kaimi ga Rasha masana'antu da cinikayya.

Mendeleev gan nan gaba na tattalin arziki a ci gaban zaman kanta hadin kuma al'umma. Wannan ci gaban da ya nufi musamman da sake fasalin. Alal misali, masana kimiyya bayar da shawarar yin al'umma shi ne ba kawai aikin noma, amma a aiki factory aiki a lokacin hunturu lokaci, a lokacin da filayen ne komai. Dmitry Ivanovich tsayayya resales kuma duk siffofin hasashe. A 1891, ya halarci da ci gaban da sabon Kwastan jadawalin kuɗin fito.

Kariyar da demography

Mendeleyev, wanda binciken a fagen sunadarai yi inuwa kyaututukan da ya samu a cikin al'adu, duk da tattalin arziki nazarin tare da wata gaba daya m manufar taimakawa Rasha. A wannan batun, da masanin kimiyyar ya da wani m protectionist (cewa, misali, da aka nuna a cikin ayyukansu a cikin masana'antu da kuma porohodeliya nasa wasiƙu zuwa Tsar Nicholas II).

Mendeleev karanci ilmin tattalin arziki ne inextricably da YAWAN JAMA'A. Gab da mutuwarsa ya kasance a daya daga cikin ayyukansa ya nuna cewa, a shekarar 2050, Rasha ta yawan mutane miliyan 800. A hasashen da masanin kimiyyar ya zama wani Utopia bayan da biyu a duniya yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma yakin basasa, danniya da sauran wata azãba cewa hit kasar a cikin XX karni.

sukar da sihiri

A cikin rabi na biyu na karni XIX Rasha, kamar sauran na duniya, share fashion ga Sufi. Esoteric m na wakilan high jama'a, bohemian da kuma talakawa birane mazauna. A halin yanzu, gano Mendeleev a cikin sunadarai, jerin wanda ya kunshi sa na da maki, overshadow ya dogon gwagwarmaya da nan m spiritualism.

Da hanyoyin kimiyya da fallasa duba tare da abokan aiki daga Rasha Physical Society. Ta hanyar jerin gwaje-gwajen da manometer kuma dala Tables, kazalika da sauran kayayyakin aiki, hypnotists Mendeleyev ƙarasa da cewa spiritualism da irin wannan ayyuka - kawai camfi, wanda riba daga speculators da kuma marasa.