Nitrifying kwayoyin. Ma'ana na nitrifying kwayoyin

By irin abinci duk aka sani rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ya kasu kashi biyu manyan iri: namiji da autotrophs. A rarrabe da karshen ne su ikon kai-gina sabon abubuwa na carbon dioxide da sauran inorganic abubuwa.

Energy kafofin cewa goyi bayan su da harshen damo, sa su rabo a cikin fotoaftotrofy (source - haske) da kuma chemoautotrophs (source - ma'adinai abubuwa). Kuma dangane da sunan substrate, wanda aka oxidized hemoavtortofy, sun kasu kashi hydrogen da nitrifying kwayoyin cuta, kazalika da sulfur da na baƙin ƙarfe kwayoyin.

Wannan talifin zai mayar da hankali a kan ya fi kowa a cikinsu, wani gungun - nitrofitsiruyuschim kwayoyin.

Tarihi na samu

Back a tsakiyar karni na 19th da Jamusawa masana kimiyya ta tabbatar da cewa da nazarin halittu nitrification tsari. Empirically shi ya nuna cewa a lokacin da kara da najasa ruwan chloroform tsaya ammonia hadawan abu da iskar shaka. Amma don bayyana dalilin da ya sa wannan shi ne don haka, ba su iya ba.

Wannan ya yi a 'yan shekaru baya Rasha masanin kimiyya Vinogradskaya. Ya ware fitar biyu kungiyoyin na kwayoyin cuta, wanda a hankali ya dauki bangare a cikin aiwatar da nitrification. Saboda haka, wanda kungiyar oxidizing ammonia don samar da acid nitrous, da kuma kawai na biyu rukuni na kwayoyin alhakin da canji a cikin nitric. Duk da hannu a cikin wannan tsari, nitrifying kwayoyin ne gram-korau.

Features na hadawan abu da iskar shaka tsari

Kan aiwatar da samuwar nitrite da ammonium hadawan abu da iskar shaka da dama manzilõli, a lokacin da nitrogen mahadi aka kafa tare da sãɓãwar launukansa digiri na hadawan abu da iskar shaka kungiyar NH.

A farko samfurin ne ammonium hadawan abu da iskar shaka na hydroxylamine. Mafi kusantar da shi shi ne generated saboda hada da kwayoyin oxygen a cikin ƙungiyar NH _4, ko da yake wannan tsari yana tafiya ne ba tabbatacce tabbatar da ci gaba da mai muhawara.

Next, da hydroxylamine yana tuba zuwa nitrite. Mai yiwuwa aiwatar ne da za'ayi via samuwar NOH (giponitrita) tare da a saki nitrous oxide. A wannan yanayin, masana kimiyya suka yi ĩmãni da samar da nitrous oxide kawai byproduct na kira, saboda dawo da nitrite.

Baya daga cikin kayayyakin da sinadaran abubuwa, babban adadin kuzari da aka saki a lokacin denitrofikatsii. Hakazalika to abin da ke faruwa a heterotrophic aerobic kwayoyin, a cikin wannan yanayin kira na ATP da ake dangantawa da hadawan abu da iskar shaka-raguwa matakai, a sakamakon wanda electrons aka canjawa wuri zuwa oxygen.

A hadawan abu da iskar shaka na nitrite, babban rawa da aka buga da baya kai da electrons. Its hada a cikin kewaye da electrons faruwa kai tsaye a cikin cytochromes (P-type da kuma / ko A-type), kuma wannan na bukatar a fairly manyan makamashi ta halin kaka. A sakamakon haka, chemoautotrophic nitrifying kwayoyin suna da cikakken kulla da zama dole samar da makamashi, wanda ake amfani da aiwatar da ginin da kuma assimilation na carbon dioxide.

Iri nitrifying kwayoyin

A lokaci na farko na nitrification dauki iri hudu nitrobaktery part:

• nitrosomonas.
• nitrotsistis.
• nitrosolyubus.
• nitrosospira.

Af, ba za ka iya ganin nitrifying kwayoyin cuta (photo karkashin wani microscope) a kan samarwa image.

By experimentation daga cikinsu shi ne wuya, kuma sau da yawa har ba zai yiwu ba ga ware daga daya daga cikin amfanin gona, don haka su review sun fi mayar da cikakken. Dukkan wadannan kwayoyin da size of 2-2.5 microns, kuma zai fi dacewa m ko zagaye siffar (sai nitrospiry wanda suna da wani nau'i na sandunansu). Su ne iya binary fission da shugabanci saboda flagella.

A karo na biyu lokaci na nitrification dauki part:

• nitrobakter tseren.
• nitrospina tseren.
• nitrokokus.

A mafi karatu iri na kwayoyin cuta na HALITTAR nitrbakter da ciwon da sunan a cikin girmamawa ta discoverer Vinogradski. Wadannan nitrifying kwayoyin da pear-dimbin yawa Kwayoyin haifa ta hanyar dake tasowa ta samar da wata mobile (saboda flagellum) ya cell.

A tsarin da kwayoyin cuta

Nitrifitsiruyushie diddigin kwayoyin da irin wannan salon salula tsarin zuwa wasu gram-korau kwayoyin. Wasu daga cikin su sun sosai-raya ciki membrane tsarin, da tari kafa cibiyar na cell, alhãli kuwa a wasu sun an shirya kan periphery daga cikin tsarin ko ta samar da wata kofin kunsha da dama yadudduka. A fili, shi ne wadannan abokai hade enzymes suna da hannu a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka na nitrifiers takamaiman substrates.

Irin abinci nitrifying kwayoyin

Nitrobakterii ne obligate autotrophs saboda ba za a iya yin amfani da exogenous kwayoyin abubuwa. Duk da haka, ta hanyar gwaji, duk da haka ya nuna ikon da wasu damuwa nitrifying kwayoyin amfani da wasu hanyoyin gudanar da mahadi.

An gano cewa wani substrate dauke da yisti autolysates, serine da glutamate a low yawa, haramta motsa hanyar shafi ci gaban nitrobaktery. Wannan na faruwa biyu a gaban nitrite, kuma a cikin rashi da ita a cikin matsakaici, ko da yake da tsari ne sosai a hankali. Conversely, gaban nitrite acetate hadawan abu da iskar shaka tsari ne mur, amma ta hada da carbon a cikin furotin, daban-daban amino acid da wasu salon salula gyara qara muhimmanci.

A sakamakon mahara gwaje-gwajen, data aka samu cewa nitrifying kwayoyin iya har yanzu canzawa zuwa heterotrophic abinci mai gina jiki, amma yadda m da kuma tsawon lokacin da za su iya zama a irin wannan yanayi, ya zauna da za a gani. Duk da yake cikin bayanan ne sabanin su kusantar da karshe karshe kan wannan batun.

Mazauninsu da darajar nitrifying kwayoyin

Nitrifying kwayoyin ne chemoautotrophs kuma suna tartsatsi a cikin halitta. Aka sãme su a ko'ina: a cikin ƙasa, daban-daban substrates, kazalika da tafkunan. Aiwatar da rai ƙwarai taimaka wa sauran nitrogen sake zagayowar a cikin yanayi , kuma a gaskiya na iya isa babban rabbai.

Alal misali, irin wannan fitowa a matsayin nitrotsistis Oceanus, ya zama ruwan dare cikin tekun Atlantic daga, yana nufin obligate halophiles. Yana iya kawai wanzu a seawater ko substrates cewa dauke da shi. Domin irin wannan kwayoyin ne ba kawai muhimmanci mazauninsu, amma irin wannan constants kamar yadda PH da kuma zazzabi.

Duk aka sani nitrifying bacteria ne obligate aerobes. Domin oxidize ammonia a cikin nitrous acid, kuma nitrous acid a cikin nitric, suna bukatar oxygen.

rai yanayi

Wani muhimmin batu, wanda saukar da masana kimiyya ya cewa wuri inda suke zaune nitrifying kwayoyin bai kamata ya ƙunshi kwayoyin halitta. ka'idar da aka ci gaba da cewa wadannan kwayoyin ba zai iya bisa manufa don amfani gudanar da mahadi daga waje. Su ma da ake kira obligate autotrophs.

Daga bisani, glucose pernicious tasiri da aka tabbatar da maimaitawa, urea, peptone, glycerol da sauran kwayoyin halitta a cikin nitrifying kwayoyin cuta, amma ba su daina gwaji.

Ma'ana na nitrifying kwayoyin zuwa ƙasa

Har kwanan nan an yi imani da cewa nitrifying m sakamako a kan ƙasa haihuwa ta kara da tsakiyan nonon zuwa ammonium nitrate. A karshen su ne ba kawai da tunawa da shuke-shuke, amma a kuma daga kansu kara da solubility wasu ma'adanai.

Duk da haka, kimiyya ra'ayoyi sun samo asali a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Saukar da mummunan sakamako na bayyana kwayoyin a cikin ƙasa haihuwa. Nitrifying kwayoyin samar nitrate, acidic yanayi, wanda shi ne ba ko da yaushe wani tabbatacce abu, kazalika da mafi digiri na jikewa na kasar gona tsokani ammonium ions fiye da nitrates. Bugu da ƙari, nitrates an rage wa da damar N ₂ (a karkashin denitrifakatsii), wanda a bi take kaiwa zuwa depletion na kasar gona da nitrogen.

Mene ne hatsarin nitrifying kwayoyin?

Wasu damuwa nitrobaktery a gaban Organic substrate iya oxidize ammonium, forming hydroxylamine, kuma baya nitrites da nitrates. Har ila yau, a sakamakon irin halayen na iya faruwa hydroxamic acid. Haka kuma, yawan kwayoyin cuta a cikin aiwatar da nitrification na daban-daban mahadi, wanda sun hada da nitrogen (oximes, amines, amides, hydroxamates, da kuma sauran nitro mahadi).

Sikelin da heterotrophic nitrification karkashin wani yanayi, zai iya zama ba kawai babbar, amma kuma sosai cutarwa. A hatsari ya ta'allaka ne da cewa a lokacin wannan canji yakan faru a cikin samuwar guba abubuwa, mutagens da Carcinogens. Saboda haka, masana kimiyya sun aka aiki kafada da kafada a kan binciken na topic.

Halittu tace, wanda shi ne ko da yaushe a hannunka

Nitrifying kwayoyin - ba wani m ra'ayi, amma wata na kowa nau'i na rayuwa. Haka kuma, suna sukan yi amfani da mutumin.

Alal misali, a cikin nazarin halittu tace ga aquariums hada da wadannan kwayoyin cuta. Wannan irin lura shi ne maras tsada da kuma ba kamar yadda aiki m matsayin inji magani, amma a lokaci guda na bukatar yarda da wani yanayi domin tabbatar da girma da kuma aiki na nitrifying kwayoyin.

A mafi m microclimate domin su ne muhalli zafin jiki (a cikin wannan harka ruwa) game 25-26 digiri Celsius, akai akai oxygen da kuma gaban ruwa shuke-shuke.

Nitrifying kwayoyin cuta a cikin aikin noma

Domin kara yawan amfanin ƙasa, manoma suna amfani da daban-daban takin dauke da nitrifying kwayoyin.

gona abinci mai gina jiki a cikin wannan harka bayar nitrobakteriyami da Azotobacter. Wadannan kwayoyin suna cire daga kasar gona da ruwa dole abubuwa wanda ya samar da a cikin hadawan abu da iskar shaka tsari wajen mai yawa makamashi. Wannan ake kira chemosynthesis tsari a lokacin da ya karbi ikon ke da samuwar hadaddun kwayoyin kwayoyin daga carbon dioxide da kuma ruwa.

Wadannan kwayoyin Ba dole ba ne da wadata da na gina jiki daga m yanayi - ba za su iya samar da nasu. Saboda haka idan kore shuke-shuke, wanda su ma autotrophic, yana bukatar hasken rana, sa'an nan nitrification kwayoyin ba lallai ba ne.

gona kai-tsaftacewa

Gona - da wani m substrate ga girma da kuma haifuwa na ba kawai shuke-shuke, amma kuma da yawa rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Saboda haka yana da muhimmanci ga ta al'ada jihar, da kuma daidaita abun da ke ciki.

Ya kamata a tuna da cewa gona nazarin halittu tsarkakewa samar ciki har da nitrifying kwayoyin. Su ne a cikin ƙasa, humus ko kududdufai, tuba ammonia wanda asirce wasu kwayoyin da sharar gida kwayoyin kayan, nitrates (ya zama mafi daidai, da nitric acid gishiri). A duka aiwatar kunshi matakai biyu:

1. Hadawan abu da iskar shaka na ammonia zuwa nitrite.
2. A hadawan abu da iskar shaka na nitrite zuwa nitrate.

Kamar wancan kowane mataki da aka bayar da wasu iri kwayoyin.

A ake kira mugun da'irar

Circuit na makamashi da kuma goyon baya na rayuwa a duniya shine zai yiwu godiya ga kiyaye da wasu dokoki na zama na dukan abubuwa masu rai. A duban farko yana da wuya a gane abin da yake a kan gungumen azaba, amma shi ne ainihin quite sauki.

Bari mu kwatanta da wadannan hoto na wata makaranta littafi:

1. Inorganic kayan ana sarrafa ta kwayoyin da haka samar da kyakkyawan yanayi a cikin ƙasa domin shuka girma da kuma abinci mai gina jiki.
2. Su, bi da bi, wani makawa tushen samar da makamashi ga mafi herbivores.
3. Wadannan sarkar na rayuwa kula ne da yara makamashi wanda suke, bi da bi, su herbivorous takwarorinsu.
4. Mutanen da suke sani ya kasance a saman da yara, kuma wannan yana nufin cewa za mu iya samun makamashi daga biyun da shuka duniya da dabba.
5. Kuma a namu ikon rayuwa sharan gona, da waɗanda mafi shuke-shuke da dabbobi, zama a matsayin na gina jiki substrate for kwayoyin.

Saboda haka, wani mugun da'irar, da kuma samar da wani ci gaba da aiki da rai na dukan abubuwa masu rai a duniya. Sanin wadannan ka'idojin ne, ba wuya a kwatanta yadda multifaceted kuma a zahiri marasa iyaka ikon yanayi da dukan abubuwa masu rai.

ƙarshe

A wannan labarin, za mu yi kokarin amsa tambayar, abin da yake cikin nitrifying kwayoyin cuta a cikin ilmin halitta. Kamar yadda ka gani, duk da tabbacin da na rayuwa, aiki da kuma tasirin wadannan kwayoyin, akwai mutane da yawa rigima al'amurran da suka shafi cewa bukatar kara gwaji karatu.

Nitrifying kwayoyin ciki chemotroph. A tushen samar da makamashi domin su bauta wa da dama ma'adanai. Duk da kankanin size, wadannan kwayoyin da wani banbanci ba a duniya a kusa da su.

Kamar yadda aka sani, chemotroph ba zai iya metabolize gudanar da mahadi abin da suke a cikin substrate (gona ko ruwa). Su, a akasin haka, samar da kayan gini ga halittar wani mai rai da kuma aiki Kwayoyin.