Lev Landau: takaice dai biography, taimako zuwa kimiyya

Lev Landau (shekaru na rayuwa - 1908-1968) - mai girma Soviet likita, haife shi a Baku. Ya rike da dama ban sha'awa bincike da kuma gano. Za ka iya amsa tambaya, Lev Landau ga wanda ya karbi kyautar Nobel? A wannan labarin, za mu magana game da nasarori da kuma asali sada facts.

Origin Lev Landau

Za ka iya magana da wani dogon lokaci game da irin wannan malamansu kamar Lev Landau. Shekaru na rayuwa, zama da kai da wannan kimiyyar lissafi - duk lalle sha'awar karatu. Bari mu fara daga farkon - daga asalin nan gaba masanin kimiyya.

An haife shi a cikin iyali na love da kuma David Landau. Mahaifinsa fairly sanannun man fetur m. Ya yi aiki a filayen man fetur. Amma uwar, da sana'a, ta kasance mai likita. An sani cewa wannan mace da za'ayi physiological karatu. Kamar yadda ka gani, Lev Landau zo daga wani ilimi iyali. Da mazan da 'yar'uwa, ta hanyar, ya zama guba m.

shekaru nazari

Lev Davidovich ya a makarantar sakandare, wanda aka brilliantly kammala karatunsa a cikin shekaru 13 da shekaru. Mahaifansa biyu sun yanke shawarar cewa ɗansa ba shi da har yanzu sosai matasa zuwa karatu a wata mafi girma ilimi ma'aikata. Sai suka yanke shawarar aika shi zuwa ga shekara guda a Baku tattalin arziki Technical School. Sa'an nan, a cikin 1922, aka kwantar da Jami'ar Baku. Ga Lev Landau karatu sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi. Bayan shekaru biyu, Lev Davidovich aka canjawa wuri zuwa University of Birnin Leningrad, a sashen Physics.

A farko kimiyya aiki, postgraduate nazari

A cikin shekaru goma sha tara Landau ya riga ya zama marubucin hudu kimiyya takardunku cewa an buga. A daya daga cikin wadanda takardunku ake kira matrix yawa da aka yi amfani da karo na farko. Wannan lokaci ne a zamanin yau yadu amfani. Suna aka bayyana ta wurin jimla makamashi jihohi. Landau sauke karatu daga Jami'ar a 1927. Ya nan sai ya shiga cikin digiri na biyu makaranta da Leningrad Physico-Technical Institute. A wannan makaranta, ya yi aiki a kan jimla electrodynamics da ka'idar Magnetic electron.

kasuwanci tafiya

A lokacin daga 1929 zuwa 1931 ya kasance wani kimiyya manufa Lev Landau. Shekaru na rayuwa, zama da nasara na kimiyyar da nasaba da kusa hadin gwiwa tare da kasashen waje da takwarorinsu. Saboda haka, a lokacin tafiya, sai ya yi tafiya zuwa Switzerland, Jamus, da Netherlands, Ingila da kuma Denmark. A lokacin wadannan shekaru da ya sadu da ya zama Mai ƙididdigewa ga wadanda suka kafa na jimla makanikai, wanda ya kawai ya bayyana. Daga cikin masana kimiyya, wanda ya gana Landau, ya Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg da Niels Bohr. Je zuwa šauki Lev Davidovich kiyaye m ji ga sauran rayuwarsa. Wannan masanin kimiyya ne musamman karfi da ya rinjayi Landau.

Lev Davidovich, yayin da kasashen waje da za'ayi muhimmanci bincike free electrons (su Magnetic Properties). Bugu da kari, tare da Peierls da ya gudanar da bincike da kuma a relativistic jimla makanikai. Saboda wannan aiki Lev Landau, wani tasĩhi cewa sha'awar waje abokan aiki, da aka a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ka'idojin kimiyyar lissafi. Masana kimiyya sun koyi yadda za a magance da rikitacciyar msar tambayar tsarin. Ya kamata a lura da cewa daga baya ne da ikon shi ne sosai m lokacin da Landau fara yin bincike a kan low-zazzabi kimiyyar lissafi.

Motsi zuwa Kharkov

Lev Davidovich a shekarar 1931 ya koma Birnin Leningrad. Ba da da ewa, duk da haka, ya yanke shawarar komawa Kharkov, wanda a lokacin shi ne babban birnin kasar na Ukraine. A nan, wani masanin kimiyya aiki a Ukrainian Physico-Technical Institute, shi ne shugaban da ya msar tambayar sashen. Lokaci guda Lev Davidovich ya shugaban sashen Irfanin Physics a Jami'ar Kharkov da Kharkov Cibiyar Mechanical Engineering. A 1934, Tarayyar Soviet Academy of Sciences bayar da shi cikin mataki na Doctor of Physical da kuma Ilmin Lissafi Sciences. Don yin wannan, Landau bai bukatar har zuwa kare dissertation. The title of farfesa aka bayar da wadannan shekara zuwa wannan malamai kamar Lev Landau.

Zama da shi ya rufe dukkan sabon yankunan kimiyya. Landau a Kharkov ta wallafa ayyukansu a kan batutuwa kamar da watsawa na sauti, asalin gagarumi makamashi, da watsi da haske, da makamashi canja abin da ke faruwa a collisions, jejjerawa, Magnetic Properties na daban-daban kayan da sauransu. Saboda haka, ya zama da aka sani a matsayin mai sharhi, yana da wani unusually m kimiyya amfane shi.

A rarrabe Landau ayyukan

Daga baya, a lokacin da akwai wani jini kimiyyar lissafi, Landau kishin barbashi hulda electrically, tabbatar da amfani sosai. Aron daga Concepts Thermodynamics wasu masanin kimiyyar ya sanya da dama m ra'ayoyi domin low-zazzabi tsarin. Dole ne in ce cewa dukan aikin Landau halin da daya muhimmanci alama - wani virtuoso yin amfani da ilmin lissafi kayan aikin a samar da mafita ga hadaddun matsaloli. Lev Landau sanya wani gagarumin taimako ga jimla ka'idar kazalika a cikin binciken na hulda da yanayi da kuma na farko barbashi.

Lev Landau makaranta

Cikin kewayon bincike ne da gaske m. Su rufe kusan dukkan manyan yankunan da msar tambayar kimiyyar lissafi. Godiya ga wannan kamu da zai amfane shi da wani masanin kimiyya janyo hankalin zuwa Kharkov yawa talented matasa masana kimiyya da kuma hazaka dalibai. Daga cikin su ya Lifshits Evgeniy Mihaylovich, wanda ya zama memba Lva Davidovicha da ya fi aboki. A makaranta ya karu da sama a kusa da Lev Landau, Kharkiv juya a cikin daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin msar tambayar kimiyyar lissafi a cikin Tarayyar Soviet.

The masanin kimiyyar ya tabbata cewa wani ne msar tambayar likita dole ne sosai masani a duk yankuna na kimiyya. Don wannan karshen, Lev Davidovich ɓullo da wani sosai m horo shirin. Ya kira da shirin "msar tambayar m". Nema da suke so su shiga a cikin taron karawa juna sani, a karkashin jagorancin shi, ya hadu sosai high bukatun. Isar da shi a ce a cikin shekaru 30, duk da yawa comers, kawai 40 mutãnensa suka shũɗe jarrabawa a kan "msar tambayar m". Duk da haka, waɗanda suka yi shi, Lev Davidovich kariminci ba da lokaci da kuma hankali. Bugu da kari, da cikakken 'yancin zabi da aka bai wa su a lõkacin da zabar wani bincike topic.

Halittar Irfanin Physics Hakika

Landau Lev Davidovich kiyaye dangantakar abokantaka tare da ma'aikata da kuma dalibai. Su auna kira malamin Dau. Don taimaka su a cikin 1935, Lev Davidovich halitta mai cikakken hanya na msar tambayar kimiyyar lissafi. Sai aka buga a tare da tare da Landau E. M. Lifshitsem da kuma wani jerin litattafan. Abun mawallafa sabunta da kuma sake duba domin a kara shekaru 20. Tsiwirwirinsu m shahararsa wadannan amfanin. Su da aka fassara a cikin harsuna da yawa. A halin yanzu, wadannan dokar littattafai suna dauke litattafansu. A shekarar 1962, ga halittar cikin shakka daga Landau da Lifshitz samu da Lenin Prize.

Aiki tare da Kapitsa

Lev Davidovich a 1937, amsa gayyatar Petra Kapitsy (ya photo da aka gabatar daga baya), kuma ya kasance shugaban sashen na msar tambayar kimiyyar lissafi a Moscow Cibiyar jiki Matsaloli, sabuwar halitta a wannan lokaci. Amma na gaba shekara da masanin kimiyyar da aka kama. Ƙarya la'anta ya cewa ya tsunduma a leken asirin cikin ni'imar da Jamus. Kawai godiya ga baki na Kapitza, wanda kaina Labarai Kremlin, Lev Landau aka saki.

Lokacin da Landau koma daga Kharkov zuwa Moscow, Kapitsa kawai tsunduma a gwaje-gwajen da ruwa helium. Idan da zazzabi saukad da ke ƙasa 4.2 K (cikakkar zafin jiki auna a kelvins, kuma aka auna daga -273,18 ° C, Ina nufin daga cikin cikakkar sifili), helium gas zama ruwa. A wannan jiha shi ne ake kira helium-1. Idan zafin jiki ne m zuwa 2.17 K, ta kõma, zuwa wani ruwa, kira a matsayin helium-2. Yana yana da matukar ban sha'awa Properties. Helium-2 ne iya sauƙi daga ƙarƙashinsu ta hanyar da ta fi ƙanƙanta takware. Kamar yadda idan da danko shi ne gaba daya ba a nan. Abu hawa sama da bango na jirgin ruwa, kamar yadda idan nauyi ba ya shafar shi. Bugu da kari, ta thermal watsin mafi girma daga wani thermal watsin da tagulla ne daruruwan sau. Kapitsa yanke shawarar kira superfluid helium-2 ruwa. Duk da haka, a lokacin da gwaji da aka samu daga cewa danko ne ba sifili.

Masana kimiyya sun nuna cewa, wannan sabon abu hali da aka bayyana ta da sakamakon abin da suke a yankin ba su gargajiya kimiyyar lissafi da kuma jimla ka'idar. Wadannan effects faruwa ne kawai a low yanayin zafi. Yawancin lokaci ba su zo a cikin daskararru, tun mafi abubuwa daskare a karkashin wadannan yanayi. A togiya ne helium. Wannan abu ya cikakkar sifili da ya rage ruwa, idan aka ba hõre high matsa lamba. Laszlo Tisza a 1938 godu da shawarar cewa a gaskiya ruwa helium - cakuda biyu siffofin: a helium-2 (superfluid) da kuma helium-1 (al'ada ruwa). Lokacin da yawan zafin jiki saukad da zuwa kusa da cikakkar sifili, na farko bangaren zama rinjaye. Wannan jarrabawa ya bayyana bayyanar daban-daban danko a cikin yanayi daban-daban.

Landau bayyana sabon abu na superfluidity

Lev Landau, a takaice biography cewa ya bayyana ne kawai ta babban nasarori, ba zai iya bayyana sabon abu na superfluidity, ta amfani da wani sabon gaba daya ilmin lissafi na'ura. Sauran masana kimiyya sun dogara jimla makanikai, wanda ake amfani da su bincika hali na mutum kwayoyin halitta. Landau ya kuma duba jimla jihar na ruwa ne kusan guda kamar dai shi ne m. Ya sa a gaba da suke cewa akwai biyu zumudi aka gyara, ko motsi. A farko daga cikin wadannan - shi ne phonons, wanda bayyana wata al'ada rectilinear yada sauti tãguwar ruwa a low dabi'u na makamashi da kuma lokacinta. Na biyu - rotons wanda bayyana rotational motsi. A karshen ne mafi hadaddun magana na excitations faruwa a mafi girma makamashi da kuma lokacinta. The masanin kimiyya lura da cewa, kiyaye mamaki za a iya bayyana ta roton da phonon gudunmawar da su hulda.

Landau jãyayya da cewa ruwa helium za a iya daukarsa a matsayin "al'ada" bangaren, wanda aka steeped a cikin superfluid "bango". Ta yaya za mu iya bayyana da cewa da ruwa helium zai daina aiki ta hanyar kunkuntar rata? The masanin kimiyya lura da cewa kawai superfluid bangaren a cikin wannan harka gudana. A rotons phonons kuma yi karo da ganuwar, rikewa su.

Tamanin da Landau ka'idar

Landau ka'idar, da kuma kara inganta shi taka leda a sosai muhimmiyar rawa a kimiyya. Su ba da sauki bayyana da lura mamaki, amma kuma annabta 'yan sauransu. Daya misali - shi ne yada biyu taguwar ruwa da ciwon daban-daban Properties da ake magana a kai a matsayin farko da na biyu sauti. A farko sauti ne talakawa sauti tãguwar ruwa, yayin da na biyu shi ne thermal kalaman. Godiya ga ka'idar ci gaba da Landau, da masana kimiyya sun iya gagarumin ci gaba a cikin fahimtar yanayin jejjerawa.

A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma postwar lokaci

Lev Davidovich a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ya yi karatu fashe da kona. A musamman, sha'awar shi buga taguwar ruwa. Bayan May 1945 kuma har 1962 masanin kimiyya aiki a kan daban-daban ayyuka. A musamman ya bincika rare helium isotope da ciwon wani atomic nauyi na 3 (yawanci ta taro 4). Lev Davidovich annabta da wanzuwar wannan isotope ga wani sabon irin kalaman yaduwa. The "sifili sauti" - don haka mai suna shi Lev Davidovich Landau. Tarihinsa da aka alama, a Bugu da kari, sa hannu a cikin halittar atomic bam da Tarayyar Soviet.

Crash, da Nobel Prize da na karshe shekaru ransa

A cikin shekaru 53 ya samu a cikin wani hadarin mota a sakamakon wanda ya samu tsanani samu rauni. A yawa na likitoci daga Tarayyar Soviet, Faransa, Canada, Czechoslovakia, ya yi yaƙi domin rayuwar wani masanin kimiyya. Ya kasance da suma na 6 makonni. A cikin watanni uku bayan da hadarin mota ban gane ko da kusa Lev Landau. The Nobel Prize aka bayar ga shi a shekarar 1962. Duk da haka, ga dalilai na kiwon lafiya da ya bai iya tafiya zuwa Stockholm samun shi. A cikin photo kasa ka iya ganin Landau da matarsa a asibiti.

Wannan lambar yabon, an bayar da su cikin masanin kimiyya a Moscow. Sa'an nan Lev Davidovich rayu shekaru 6, amma da dawowar bincika shi kuma iya ba. Lev Landau mutu a Moscow a sakamakon rikitarwa daga halinsa.

Landau iyali

Scientist a 1937 aure Drobantsevoy Concordia, wani tsari injiniya a fannin masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci. Wannan mace mai 'yan qasar na Kharkov. Shekaru ta rayuwa - 1908-1984. The iyali yana da ɗa, wanda daga baya ya zama wani gwaji likita da kuma aiki a Cibiyar jiki Matsaloli. A cikin photo kasa ya bada jerin sunayen Landau tare da dansa.

Wannan shi ne duk da cewa za a iya gaya game da irin wannan malamansu kamar Lev Landau. Tarihinsa, ba shakka, ya hada da kawai na asali facts. Theories cewa ya halitta da wahala ga unprepared karatu. Saboda haka, wannan labarin ne kawai a takaicce yi magana game da yadda yin shahara Lev Landau. Biography da kuma nasarorin da masana kimiyya har yanzu suna da babban amfani a duniya.