Rayayyun kwayoyin halitta: mazauninsu. muhalli dalilai, su janar halaye

Karkashin mazauninsu fahimtar sarari amfani da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta ta wanzu. Saboda haka, topic ne dace da tambaya na rayuwar wata dabba. Akwai hudu iri habitats, a Bugu da kari, akwai daban-daban abubuwan da maida waje tasiri, saboda haka suna bukatar da za a gani.

definition

Saboda haka, abin da yake cikin yanayi na dabba mazauninsu? Definition bayyana a cikin karni na sha tara - a cikin aikin na Rasha physiologist Sechenov. Kowane mai rai kwayoyin ne kullum hulda da kewaye mamaki wanda aka yanke shawarar kira yanayi. Da rawar yana da wani dual yanayi. A daya hannun, duk da m matakai na kwayoyin hade da shi kai tsaye - don haka dabbobi samun abinci, suna fama da sauyin yanayi da kuma zabin yanayi. Duk da haka, su zama yana da wani m tasiri a kan muhalli, ma'ana shi a hanyoyi masu yawa. Tsire-tsire kula da ma'auni na oxygen da kuma inuwa da ƙasa, da dabbobi yi da shi mafi friable. Kusan duk wani canji haddasa kwayoyin. Mazauninsu bukatar wani m nazarin duk wanda yake so ya yi wani fahimtar ilmin halitta. Yana da muhimmanci a san cewa, wasu halittu zai iya rayuwa a yanayi daban-daban. Halittar dabba mai kafafuwa an haife shi a ruwa da kuma overwinter da kuma ciyar da akai-akai a kan ƙasar. Beetles, da suke zaune a cikin iska, sau da yawa a bukatar gona ko ruwa haifa.

Symbiosis da parasitism

Abin mamaki, dabba mazauninsu iya iyakance ta sauran dabbobi. Saboda haka, a cikin mutum, akwai dukan wakilan na microflora, da kuma wani lokacin, kazalika da lebur ko zagaye tsutsotsi. A amfani da daya mahaluži zuwa wani a cikin wani yanayi ne mai matukar kowa halin da ake ciki da cewa ya ba a lokacin da dukan shakka juyin halitta. Yana ba ya wanzu kusan kowane jinsin dabbobi a cikin abin da babu wani na ciki parasites. Wadannan matsayin ne algae, amoebae, ciliates. Game da wannan sabon abu ne mafi muhimmanci ga koyon rarrabe tsakanin parasitism kuma symbiosis. A cikin farko idan na dabba mazauninsu da ake amfani da su zuwa ga kanta na jiki a cikin abin da suke located. Parasites rayuwa kawai da ubangijinsa, shi ba ya kashe shi. Symbiosis ne ma da amfani ga duka jam'iyyun rayuwa, abinda ya kawo matsaloli da take kaiwa na musamman ga amfanin.

ruwa

A cikin ruwa yanayi - wani tarin dukan tekuna, tekuna, glaciers da kuma nahiyar ruwa na duniya, da aka sani da hydrosphere, a Bugu da kari, wani lokacin shi kuma sun hada da Antarctic snow, yanayi ruwa da waɗannan da aka samu a cikin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Yana daukan fiye da saba'in cikin dari na surface na duniya da girma a cikin tekuna da ruwaye. Ruwa ne wani ɓangare daga cikin Muciya, ba kawai gawawwakin ruwa, amma kuma iska da kuma ƙasa. Duk wani kwayoyin wajibi ne ga rayuwa. Bugu da ƙari, ruwa yana bambanta daga kasashen duniya duniya. Bugu da kari, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban rayuwa. Yana accumulates da kwayoyin da inorganic abubuwa wanda Canza wurin zafi, Forms da sauyin yanayi da kuma aka dauke biyu a dabba kuma shuka Kwayoyin. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ruwa yanayi - daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci.

iska

A cakuda gas kafa da yanayin duniya, yana da muhimmanci ga duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Air mazauninsu directed juyin halitta, tun oxygen Forms high metabolism, wanda kayyade tsarin da numfashi da kuma ruwa-gishiri musayar. Weight, abun da ke ciki, zafi - duk da wannan yana da tsanani abubuwan ga duniya. Oxygen kafa biliyan biyu da suka wuce a lokacin volcanic aiki, bayan wanda ta rabo yake sannu-sannu kara a cikin iska. Modern adam yanayi bambanta 21% th abun ciki na wannan kashi. Wani muhimmin ɓangare na shi ne kuma lemar sararin samaniya Layer, wanda ba ya ba da damar ultraviolet radiation don isa Duniya ta surface. Ba tare da shi, rayuwa a duniya za a iya a hallaka su. Yanzu hadari mutum yanayi ne a karkashin barazana - lemar sararin samaniya Layer an hallaka saboda da korau muhalli tafiyar matakai. Wannan take kaiwa zuwa wajibcin m hali da kuma m selection na mafi kyau ba wai kawai ga mutane amma kuma ga Duniya ta yanke shawara.

ƙasa

Mutane da yawa rayayyun kwayoyin halitta zauna cikin ƙasa. Mazauninsu ana amfani shuke-shuke da zama a matsayin abinci ga masu rinjaye talikan na duniya. Yana iya ba ƙayyade ko gona m tsari, don haka shi ne ake kira bioinert jiki. By definition, wani abu da aka sarrafa a cikin ayyuka na kwayoyin. A kasar gona mazauninsu aka hada da wani m taro ya kunshi yashi, lãka da silt barbashi. wani ruwa bangaren. gas - shi ne iska. rayuwa - halittu ne inhabiting da shi, kowane irin kwayoyin, kwaro, kwayoyin, fungi, da kuma kwari. A kowane kadada na ƙasar gida biyar ton na irin siffofin. Ƙasa mazauninsu ne tsaka-tsaki tsakanin ruwa da kuma ƙasar da kuma iska, sabili da haka rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a shi ne sau da yawa halin da hade da numfashin da irin. Meet irin halittun iya ko zama a kan wani m zurfin.

The hulda da kwayoyin da kuma yanayi

Kowane halitta ne daban-daban daga matattun hali ta gaban rayuwa da kuma salon salula kungiyar. Hulda da yanayi faruwa ci gaba da ya kamata a yi karatu a wani hadadden tsari saboda da wuya. Kowane kwayoyin dogara a kan abin da ke faruwa a kusa da. Ground-iska adam yanayi rinjayar da shi hazo, gona yanayi da kuma yawan zafin jiki fuska. Wasu daga cikin matakai da amfani ga kwayoyin, wasu suna sha'aninsu dabam, wasu suna cutarwa. Kowane yana da wani raba definition. Alal misali, homeostasis - uri na ciki da tsarin, wanda daban-daban rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Mazauninsu iya canza abin da bukatar karbuwa - ƙungiyoyi, girma, ci gaba. Metabolism - metabolism tare da sinadaran halayen, kamar numfashi. Chemosynthesis kira kafa tsari na Organic sulfur mahadi ko nitrogen. A karshe, yana da daraja tunawa da definition na yanayin halitta na juya. Shi ne mai hade da na jiki canje-canje, wanda ya shafi dukkan muhalli dalilai cikin dukan zamanin da ta zama.

muhalli dalilai

Domin mafi fahimtar nazarin halittu tafiyar matakai, shi ne kuma dole don su bincika definition. Muhalli dalilai ne hadaddun muhalli da yanayi da zai shafi rayayyun kwayoyin. Suna raba bisa ga rarrabuwa na wani hadadden a cikin da dama iri. Daidaita da jiki da ake kira karbuwa, da kuma bayyanar da cewa nuna muhalli dalilai, shi ne sunan da rai form.

gina jiki

Wannan shi ne daya daga cikin iri na muhalli abubuwan da zai shafi cikin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Mazauninsu hada salts da kuma abubuwa daga mai shigowa ruwa da abinci. Biogenic su ne wadanda cewa ana buƙatar a cikin manyan yawa ga jiki. Alal misali, shi ne phosphorus, da muhimmanci ga samuwar protoplasm, kuma nitrogen, da dalilin sunadarai na gina jiki. Shi ne tushen farko matattu kwayoyin ne da duwatsu, da kuma na biyu - da yanayi iska. Rashin phosphorus shafi kasancewar kusan a matsayin m kamar rashin ruwa. Dan kadan baya zuwa muhimmancin wannan abubuwa kamar alli, potassium, magnesium, kuma sulfur. Na farko shi ne wajibi ne ga bawo da ƙasũsuwa. Potassium samar da juyayi tsarin da kuma ci gaban da shuke-shuke. Magnesium shi ne wani ɓangare na chlorophyll kwayoyin da ribosomes, kuma sulfur - a cikin abun da ke ciki na amino acid da kuma bitamin.

Abiotic muhalli dalilai

Akwai sauran matakai da shafi rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Mazauninsu hada da dalilai kamar haske, da sauyin yanayi da kuma kama, wanda suke da definition abiotic. Su ne ba makawa matakai na numfasawa da photosynthesis, metabolism, da kuma yanayi hijirarsa, haifuwa na dabbobin da yawa. Da farko, haske ne mai muhimmanci. Shan la'akari da tsawon, tsanani da kuma duration na daukan hotuna. A cewar shi dukan rarrabuwa da aka kasaftawa, wanda aka karatu ilmin halitta. mazauninsu, ya cika da haske, bukatar heliophyte - makiyaya da kuma steppe ciyawa, weeds, shuke-shuke da tundra. Stsiofitam bukatar inuwa, sun fi son su rayu karkashin alfarwa na gandun daji - wani gandun daji da ciyawa. ZABI heliophyte iya daidaita da wani yanayin da irin wannan aji ya hada da itatuwa, strawberries, geranium. An daidai da muhimmanci factor ne zazzabi. Kowane kwayoyin yana da wani fanni, domin a dadi rayuwa. Ruwa, a gaban sunadarai a cikin ƙasa, kuma ko da gobara - su ne ma ya shafi abiotic Sphere.

biotic dalilai

Ground-iska mazauninsu cika da rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Su hulda da juna - guda factor cancanci shawara. Biyu muhimmanci iri biotic matakai ya kamata a raba. A dauki iya zama Phytogenic. Wannan yana nufin cewa tsari ya shafi shuke-shuke da kwayoyin shafi juna da kuma muhalli. Alal misali, Fusion na tushen, parasitism a kan itacen inabi da itatuwan, legumes da kuma symbiosis na kwayoyin da suke zaune a kan tubers. Nau'i na biyu - zoogenic dalilai. Wannan daukan hotuna na dabbobi. Wannan ya hada da amfani a abinci, yada tsaba, haushi lalacewa, halaka seedlings, thinning na gandun daji, da canja wurin da cututtuka.

Human aiki

Ruwa, iska ko terrestrial mazauninsu ne ko da yaushe hade da ayyukan mutane. Mutane rayayye canza duniya a kusa da su, ƙwarai da shafi ta tafiyar matakai. Anthropogenic dalilai ne kowane mai daukan hotuna, wuri mai faɗi ko biosphere. Yana iya zama kai tsaye, idan directed a cikin masu rai, misali ba daidai ba farauta da kama kifi sakaci ne da lambobi na wasu nau'in. Wani zabin ne kai tsaye ba sakamako a lokacin da wani mutum ya musanya mai faɗi, da sauyin yanayi, da jihar na iska da ruwa, ƙasa tsarin. Sane ko a sume, amma mutumin da ke halaka mutane da yawa jinsin dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke, ta haka raya sauransu. Saboda haka akwai wani sabon yanayi. Akwai kuma riqo na wuccin tasirin, irin kwatsam bayarwa na dan hanya kwayoyin da wani kaya, matalauci malalewa Marshes, dams halitta, rarraba kwari. Duk da haka, wasu zama dadaddun ba tare da wani mutum sa baki, saboda haka, zargi da mutane a duk muhalli al'amurran da suka shafi ne kawai m.

iyakance dalilai

All yiwu tasiri exerted a kan kwayoyin daga kõwane, aka bayyana a cikin sãɓãwar launukansa digiri. Wani lokaci key ne abubuwa da bukatar wani kadan adadin. Haka kuma, dokar da aka ɓullo da m. Ya nuna cewa rashin ƙarfin mahaɗin a cikin sarkar bukatun da kwayoyin da aka dauke su ya halin iya jurewa a general. Saboda haka, idan kasar gona yana da dukan abubuwa, sai dai daya, da ake bukata domin ci gaban - girbi zai zama matalauta. Idan ka ƙara kawai bace, da barin duk wasu a cikin wannan adadin - shi zai zama mafi alhẽri. Idan muka ƙara duk sauran, ba tare da gyara da kasawa, babu canji da za su faru. The m kashi a cikin wannan halin da ake ciki da kuma zama iyakance factor. Duk da haka, wanda ya kamata ya yi la'akari da matsakaicin tasiri. Yana bayyana dokar haƙuri Shelford, mu dauka cewa akwai kawai a wasu fanni a wadda factor iya zama da amfani ga jiki, a wuce haddi kamar yadda shi ya zama cutarwa. Ideal yanayi da ake kira da ganiya yankin da kuma sabawa daga na kullum - zalunci. Highs da lows effects ne sunan da m maki, bi da jiki ta zama ba zai yiwu ba. Degree na haƙuri zuwa wani yanayi daban-daban domin kowace dabba da ba da damar zuwa rarraba su a matsayin fiye ko žasa Hardy iri.