Alpha, gamma, beta radiation. Da kaddarorin alpha gaɓũɓuwa, gamma, beta

Mene ne radionuclide? Kada ku ji tsoro wannan kalma: yana nufin kawai da rediyoaktif isotopes. Wani lokaci za ka iya ji da jawabin da kalmar "radionuclides" ko ma kasa da wallafe-wallafen zaɓi - "radionucleotide." A daidai lokaci - yake a radionuclide. Amma abin da yake da rediyoaktif lalace? Mene ne Properties na daban-daban na radiation da kuma yadda suka bambanta? Kome da kome - daga farkon.

Ma'anar a cikin Radiology

Tun da waɗanda sau, da yawa daga cikin matsalolin da Radiology sun canja lokacin da akwai wani fashewa da farko atomic bam. Maimakon "atomic tari" mu ce "nukiliya reactor". Maimakon haka, kalmar "rediyoaktif haskoki" ne nuna "ionizing radiation". A jumlar "rediyoaktif isotope" da aka maye gurbinsu "radionuclide".

Long-rayu da short-rayu radionuclides

Alpha-, beta- da gamma-radiation aiwatar bi da lalata da wani atomic tsakiya. Mene ne tsawon rabin-rai? radionuclides nuclei ba barga - cewa su ne daban-daban daga wasu barga isotopes. A wani matsayi, sa'an nan kan aiwatar da rediyoaktif lalace. Radionuclides haka ya canza kama zuwa sauran isotopes, wanda ake jefarwa a lokacin alpha-, beta- da gamma-haskoki. Radionuclides da bangarori daban-daban na rashin zaman lafiya - wasu daga cikinsu fada a cikin daruruwan miliyoyin kuma ko da biliyoyin shekaru. Alal misali, duk da uranium isotopes cewa faruwa a yanayi, suna dogon-rayu. Akwai wadanda radionuclides cewa lalata a cikin dakika, kwanaki, watanni. Suna da ake kira short-rayu.

Watsi da alpha, beta da gamma barbashi accompanies ba wani lalace. Amma a gaskiya, rediyoaktif lalace ne tare da watsi da kawai alpha ko beta barbashi. A wasu lokuta, wannan tsari yana tafiya ne tare da gamma haskoki. Pure gamma-ray watsi ba ya faruwa ta halitta. A mafi girma gudun lalata da radionuclide, da hakan da matakin na radioactivity. Wasu yi imani da cewa a cikin yanayi akwai alpha, beta, gamma da kuma Delta lalace. Wannan ba gaskiya ba ne. Delta lalace ba ya wanzu.

radioactivity ji naúrar

Duk da haka, a cikin abin da auna wannan darajar? Radioactivity Ji yale mu mu bayyana tsanani da rushewar a lambobi. A sashi ne na auna daga radionuclide aiki - Becquerel. 1 becquerel (Bq) yana nufin cewa 1 lalata auku a 1 sec. Da zarar wadannan ma'aunai aka yi amfani ga mai yawa ya fi girma naúrar na awo - curies (Ci) 1 Ci = 37 biliyan becquerels.

Babu shakka, da bukatar su dace da wannan taro na kasa, misali 1 MG 1 MG uranium da kuma thorium. The aiki da naúrar taro na radionuclide dauka da ake kira da takamaiman aiki. A ya fi girma rabin rayuwa, da kasa musamman radioactivity.

Wanne radionuclides wakiltar babban hatsari?

Wannan shi ne wani fairly m tambaya. A daya hannun, short-rayu ne mafi hadarin gaske saboda su ne mafi aiki. Amma bayan rushewar da sosai matsalar radiation hasarar munasaba, yayin da dogon-rayu ne a hatsari ga shekaru.

A takamaiman ayyuka na radionuclides za a iya kwatanta ta da makami. Abin da makami zai zama mafi hatsari: abin da ke sa hamsin akai-akai da minti daya, ko cewa gobara sau daya a cikin rabin awa? Wannan tambaya shi yiwuwa a amsa - shi duka ya dogara da abin da ya zamo kamar da makamai fiye da shi aka caje, ko da harsashi zai isa manufa, abin da yake da lalacewa.

Da bambance-bambance tsakanin daban na radiation

Alpha, gamma da beta radiation iri za a iya dangana ga "zamo" makami. Wadannan watsi da wani abu a na kowa da bambance-bambance. Babban batu na - duk su kasance a cikin kasada na ionizing radiation. Menene wannan definition? A samar da makamashi na ionizing radiation yana gaggawa iko. Samun A wani zarra, suka buga electrons da ta falaki. Lokacin da watsi da barbashi, cajin dabam core - haka ne kafa wani sabon abu.

A yanayi na alpha haskoki

A na kowa tsakanin su ne da cewa gamma, beta da alpha radiation yana da irin wannan yanayi. The sosai farko alpha haskoki da aka gano. Su aka kafa ta lalace da nauyi karafa - uranium, thorium, Radon. Tuni bayan da ta je gano alpha haskoki, ya bayyana su yanayi. Suka tashi a high gudun helium nuclei. A wasu kalmomin, wannan nauyi "sets" na biyu protons da biyu neutrons ciwon tabbatacce cajin. A cikin iska, alpha haskoki ne sosai takaice nisa - ba fiye da 'yan santimita. Takarda ko, misali, da epidermis gaba daya dakatar da wannan radiation.

beta radiation

Beta gaɓũɓuwa, bude wadannan, sun talakawa electrons, amma yana da manyan gudun. Suna da yawa kasa da alpha gaɓũɓuwa, kuma suna da wani karami lantarki cajin. Beta barbashi lekgo shiga daban-daban kayan. A cikin iska, suka shawo kan nesa na 'yan mita. Kunã tsare su may da wadannan kayan: tufafi, gilashin, a bakin ciki karfe takardar.

Da kaddarorin gamma haskoki

Wannan irin radiation ne daga cikin wannan yanayi a matsayin ultraviolet radiation, infrared haskoki ko igiyoyin rediyo. Gamma haskoki ne photon radiation. Duk da haka, a musamman high gudun photon. Wannan irin radiation sauri ratsa ta cikin kayan. Don jinkirta shi, ana amfani da gubar da kankare. Gamma haskoki iya tafiyar dubban kilomita.

The labari game da hatsarori

Gwada alpha, gamma da beta radiation, mutane sukan yi zaton da gamma haskoki ne mai hatsari. Bayan duk, su ake samar a nukiliya fashe, shawo kan daruruwan kilomita kuma sa radiation cuta. Duk wannan gaskiya ne, amma ba kai tsaye alaka da hatsarori da radiation. Tun a wannan yanayin, sai ka ce shi ne su iya shiga iko. Hakika, alpha-, beta- da gamma-haskoki ne daban-daban a wannan fagen. Duk da haka, hadarin da aka kiyasta ba iya shiga da kuma tunawa kashi. Wannan Fihirisar da aka lasafta a joules da kilogram (J / kg).

Saboda haka, kashi na radiation tunawa da daukar sulusi da murabba'i. Its numerator ba da adadin alpha, gamma da beta gaɓũɓuwa, wato makamashi. Alal misali, gamma radiation iya zama da wuya ko taushi. A karshen yana da ƙananan makamashi. Ci gaba da misalin da makami, za mu iya ce: shi ne ba kawai ya zamo kamar da harsashi, da kuma shi ne mai muhimmanci da cewa daga wanda harbi - a slingshot ko wani shotgun.