Mene ne metabolism a ilmin halitta: definition

A m yanayin ga wanzuwar wani rai gabar ne akai samar da gina jiki da kuma kau da karshe lalata kayayyakin.

Mene ne metabolism a ilmin halitta

Metabolism, ko metabolism - musamman sa na sinadaran halayen da ya faru a wani rai gabar kula da wasan kwaikwayon da kuma rayuwa. Irin wannan halayen ba jiki da damar ci gaba, girma da kuma ninka yayin da rikewa da tsarin da kuma a mayar da martani ga muhalli samuwar kasashe da muhalli.

Metabolism za a iya raba matakai biyu: catabolism da anabolism. A mataki na farko duk da hadaddun abubuwa suna karye kuma zama mafi sauki. A na biyu, tare da samar da makamashi kudin hada nucleic acid, lipids da kuma sunadarai.

A mafi muhimmanci rawa a cikin metabolism taka enzymes da suke aiki nazarin halittu catalysts. Sun iya rage kunnawa da makamashi daga cikin jiki da kuma halayen tsara rayuwa hanya.

Rayuwa haihuwarka da aka gyara su ne m saboda mutane da yawa jinsunan, wanda shi ne hujja daga cikin hadin kai na asalin dukkan abubuwa masu rai. Wannan kama nuna a gwada farkon abin da ya faru na juyin halitta a cikin tarihi na ci gaban kwayoyin.

Nau'in irin metabolism

Mene ne metabolism a ilmin halitta, aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki a cikin wannan labarin. All rayayyun kwayoyin halitta da cewa wanzu a kan duniyarmu za a iya raba takwas kungiyoyin, shiryar da tushen carbon, makamashi da kuma oxidized substrate.

Rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a matsayin ikon source iya amfani da makamashi na sinadaran halayen, ko haske. Kamar yadda oxidizable substrate iya zama duka kwayoyin da inorganic abubuwa. A tushen carbon ne carbon dioxide ko Organic.

Akwai kwayoyin cewa, kasancewa a yanayi daban-daban na zama, yi amfani da daban-daban na metabolism. Ya dogara da zafi, lighting da kuma wasu dalilai.

Kwayar kwayoyin za a iya halin a cewa wanda kuma wannan jikin iya da Kwayoyin tare da daban-daban na tafiyar matakai na rayuwa.

catabolism

Biology, metabolism da kuma samar da makamashi ta hanyar la'akari da irin wannan abu a matsayin "catabolism". Wannan lokaci ne da ake kira tafiyar matakai na rayuwa a lokacin da babban barbashi fats, amino acid da kuma carbohydrates suna karye. A lokacin catabolism bayyana sauki kwayoyin da hannu a cikin biosynthesis halayen. Shi ne ta hanyar wadannan matakai jiki ne iya shirin yaqi makamashi, ta hanyar mayar da shi a cikin wani samuwa form.

Kwayoyin da cewa rayuwa ta hanyar photosynthesis (shuke-shuke da cyanobacteria), electron canja halayen ba saki makamashi da kuma accumulates saboda hasken rana.

Animals catabolic dauki hadaddun dangantaka da tsagawa up na sauki abubuwa. Irin wannan abubuwa suna nitrates da oxygen.

Catabolism a dabbobi ne zuwa kashi uku, saukarwa:

1. Tsakiyan nonon hadaddun abubuwa zuwa mafi sauki su.
2. Tsakiyan nonon na sauki kwayoyin cikin mafi sauki.
3. makamashi saki.

anabolism

Metabolism (ilmin halitta daraja 8 ya wadãtu da wannan ra'ayi) da kuma anabolism halin da - tarin na tafiyar matakai na rayuwa na biosynthesis tare da kashe kudi da makamashi. Hadaddun kwayoyin da cewa su ne tushen samar da makamashi na salon salula Tsarin suna kafa sequentially daga mafi sauki precursors.

Da farko hada amino acid, nucleotides, monosaccharides. Sa'an nan wadannan abubuwa ne aiki siffofin makamashi saboda da Apr. Kuma a karshe mataki duk aiki monomers ake hada a sifofi kamar sunadarai, lipids, kuma polysaccharides.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa ba duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta haduwa aiki kwayoyin. Biology (metabolism aka bayyana a cikin daki-daki a cikin wannan labarin) allocates irin kwayoyin kamar yadda autotrophs da heterotrophs chemotroph. Suke samun makamashi daga madadin kafofin.

A samar da makamashi daga hasken rana samu

Mene ne metabolism a ilmin halitta? Hanyar da dukan abubuwa masu rai ya wanzu a duniya, da kuma bambanta rayayyun kwayoyin halitta daga matattu tambaya.

A samar da makamashi na hasken rana ci wasu protozoa, shuke-shuke, kuma cyanobacteria. A cikin wadannan wakilan metabolism faruwa ta hanyar photosynthesis - aiwatar da sha na oxygen da kuma excrete carbon dioxide.

narkewa

Wadannan kwayoyin kamar sitaci, sunadaran da cellulose ake cleaved kafin su yi amfani da matsayin Kwayoyin. A kan aiwatar da narkewa aka samu halartar musamman enzymes cewa karya saukar da sunadarai a cikin amino acid da kuma polysaccharides - to monosaccharides.

Animals iya saki wannan enzymes kawai a musamman Kwayoyin. Amma irin wannan kananan kwayoyin halitta suna ware a cikin sarari. Duk abubuwa wanda ake samar saboda extracellular enzymes cewa shigar da jiki via da "aiki kai".

Control da tsari

Mene ne metabolism a ilmin halitta, ba za ka iya karanta a cikin wannan labarin. Kowane kwayoyin homeostasis halin da - uri na ciki yanayi. The wanzuwar irin wannan yanayi yana da muhimmanci sosai ga kowane kwayoyin. Tun da dukan su da wani yanayi da aka kullum canja domin ya kula da mafi kyau duka yanayi a cikin sel duk rayuwa halayen dole ne daidai da daidai sarrafawa. Good metabolism sa rayayyun kwayoyin halitta a akai lamba tare da yanayi da kuma amsa ga canje-canje.

tarihi bayanai

Mene ne metabolism a ilmin halitta? Tabbatar da dalilin ne a farkon wannan labarin. Wannan mas'ala ta "metabolism" karo na farko amfani da Theodor Schwann a forties karni na sha tara.

A binciken da na metabolism, masana kimiyya suna tsunduma a dama ƙarni, kuma shi duka ya fara da yunkurin yi nazarin dabbobi. Amma kalmar "metabolism" da aka fara amfani da Ibn al-Nafis, wanda ya yi ĩmãni da cewa dukan jiki ne kullum a Jihar abinci da kuma lalata, don haka ne halin da m canje-canje a gare shi.

Biology darasi "Metabolism" bude jigon da ra'ayi da kuma bayyana misalai da za su taimake kara da zurfin ilmi.

Da farko dubawa kwarewa a nazarin metabolism aka samu Santorio Santoro a 1614. Ya bayyana yanayin kafin da kuma bayan da abinci, aikin, sha ruwa da kuma barci. Shi ne na farko ya lura da cewa, mafi yawan amfani abinci da aka rasa a lokacin "imperceptible danshin" tsari.

A farko karatu, da na rayuwa halayen da aka iske ba, kuma masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa rayuwa nama iko da m karfi.

A cikin karni na ashirin, Eduard Buchner gabatar da manufar enzymes. Tun daga nan nazarin metabolism fara da binciken na sel. A wannan lokacin, Biochemistry ya zama kimiyya.

Mene ne metabolism a ilmin halitta? Definition za a iya ba da wadannan - musamman sa na biochemical halayen da tallafawa da wanzuwar kwayoyin.

ma'adanai

A metabolism na da manya-manyan rawa da inorganic abubuwa. All gudanar da mahadi kunshi wani babban adadin phosphorus, oxygen, carbon da nitrogen.

Mai inorganic mahadi iya sarrafa matsa lamba matakin ciki da cell. Har ila yau, da maida hankali yana da kyau sakamako a kan aiki na tsoka da jijiya Kwayoyin.

Rikidar karafa (baƙin ƙarfe da tutiya) tsara da ayyuka na kai sunadaran enzymes. All inorganic ma'adanai tunawa ta hanyar kai sunadaran da ba su a cikin wani free jihar.