Pithecanthropus - shi ... A cikin jarrabawa na asalin mutum

Domin fiye da daya Millennium, masana kimiyya da gabascin suna jayayya a kan asiri na asalin mutum. Zato, jarrabawa, ka'idar. Amma akwai sabuwar shaida da insolvency na daya ko wani ra'ayin, don haka babu wani daga cikin theories a wannan lokaci ba a tabbatar da haka.

Mafi na kowa ka'idar asalin mutum

1. Addini ka'idar. Shi ne mafi tsoho. Proponents wannan ka'idar ayan tunani game da allahntaka, allahntaka bayyanar mutum a duniya.
2. Cosmogony. Cosmogonists gardamar cewa asalin mutãne ne cosmic hali, don haka da cewa ci-gaba yake a cikin fall na basamaniyai yada a fadin duniya. A wannan yanayi, an yi imani da cewa rayuwa a duniya - wani ta gwaji.
3. Natural, duniya asalin. The kafa wannan ka'ida - da halittu Charles Darwin, wanda ya gabatar da zato cewa mutumin da aka sauko daga birai a cikin tsarin juyin halitta. Wannan shi ne duk rayuwa a duniya jima ko daga baya halittu farfadowa (daidaita da waje yanayi) a sakamakon zabin halitta ', wanda ya shafi nunawa fitar da rauni kwayoyin da kuma rayuwa cikin karfi. Zũriyarsu ake genetically daukar kwayar cutar bayanai game da adaptability, sakamakon jinsunan halittu farfadowa.

A ci gaba da ka'idar juyin halitta

Followers wannan ka'idar, da ake kira "gargajiya Darwiniyanci", suna karkata zuwa imani da wani biri a sakamakon zabin yanayi a hankali samo asali zuwa wani sabon mataki na ci gaba.

Ci gaba wajen samar da ka'idar Darwin a cikin karni na 19th, da Jamus masanin kimiyya Ernest Haeckal, wanda ya nuna cewa da zarar akwai wani tsaka-tsaki mataki na ci gaba tsakanin gwaggwon biri, da mutum, da kuma ba da sunan wannan dabba - Pithecanthropus, aka fassara daga Latin - "gwaggwon biri". Mene ne ban sha'awa, da masanin kimiyya ne kawai a rubuce ya bayyana irin wannan. Bayan duk, m sami kalkashinsa ya ba. Haeckal ma shawara, inda ya iya zauna Pithecanthropus - wannan kudu-gabashin Asia.

Hujja ka'idar Darwin

A cikin marigayi 19th karni, da jarrabawa aka tabbatar da Dutch bincike Ezhenom Dyubua suka sami ragowar ya bayyana kasancewa a kan tsibirin Java. Daga baya masu bincike sun sami sabuwar shaida da ka'idar - a cikin karni na 20th tono aka za'ayi nasarar a Afirka, da kuma a Bugu da kari ga saura daga cikin gwaggwon biri-mutumin na tarar da kayan aikin da aka yi da dutse.

A shekara ta 1927, a kusa da Beijing (China) burbushin halittu sun gano m kaya don gano - ragowar 40 mutane (maza da mata da yara). Morphologically ba su bambanta daga Pithecanthropus, bi da bi, su ne saboda wannan subspecies, amma a al'adance (a dama da kayayyakin aiki), irin wannan gwaggwon biri wasu ci gaba da ɓatanci a kan hanyar zuwa wannan zamani suke. Pithecanthropus - dangi na wadannan mutane, da suka rayu a baya sau. Bisa ga sami ragowar, masana kimiyya ya ba da sunan jigon - Peking Man (Sin gwaggwon biri-maza).

zamani bincike

A halin yanzu, masu bincike yi imani da cewa kai tsaye magabatan mutum ne ne sosai farko - kama da gwaggwon biri dabbobi masu shayarwa, aza harsashin ginin don ci gaban parapithecus.

Parapithecus - gwaggwon biri mutane da bayyana miliyan 35 da suka wuce. Wadannan suka kasance dabbobi da ya rayu a cikin itatuwa, wanda alama farkon cigaban dan Adam a hannu daya, da kuma a kan sauran - zamani iri birai: Gibbons, orangutans.

Driopithecus bayyana miliyan 18 da suka wuce. Wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa rayuwa a cikin itatuwa da kuma a kan ƙasa. Sun zama magabatan zamani chimpanzee, gwaggon biri kuma tsohon Australopithecus.

Asalin Homo habilis

Australopithecus - a subspecies na birai da suka rayu da miliyan 5 da suka wuce, su ragowar da aka samu a Afirka, treeless yankunan. Suna da hudu wata gabar jiki motsi a cikin rabin-lankwasa matsayi a kan biyu Hind kafafu. Girmancin su iya isa 150 cm. Nauyi - 50 kg. Free Australopithecines forelimbs sun iya wield farauta nufin (kariya) - sandunansu, duwatsu. Australopithecus - shi ploto- da herbivorous gwaggwon biri-maza, da aka harhada a garkunan tumaki da nasu irin. A cewar wasu zaton, a cikinsa, akwai na gaba mataki na juyin sarkar - Homo habilis.

Homo habilis ya bayyana game da 2-3 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce. jiki tsari ne kusan babu daban-daban daga ta nan da nan m - Australopithecus, amma sun koyi wield wani m abubuwa. Homo habilis qaddamar Pithecanthropus.

Homo erectus da Homo sapiens

Pithecanthropus, Sinanthropus - biyu subspecies na ga wannan nau'in, Homo erectus. Kuna hukunta da burbushin da aka gano, da masana kimiyya ƙarasa da cewa sun yana da mafi kama da Australopithecus fiye da ga wani mutum. su girma kai 160 cm, kwakwalwa girma - daga 700 zuwa 1200 cubic mita. Dubi, suna da manyan Brow ridges ba protruding Chin, m cheekbones. Mun rayu miliyan 2 - 200,000 da suka wuce, harhada tare da nasu irin a gidãjensu - kogwanni. San yadda za a gina karin nagartaccen model na kayan aikin, maimakon Homo habilis. An yi imani da cewa Pithecanthropus - wannan gwaggwon biri-maza, ya riga yana mai kyau sanarwa akan abinda basira. Wannan dabba, wanda ya san yadda za ka dafa da wuta, koya kare, tsari daga mummunan yanayi, don fadada su da iyaka, to ku bi don rayuwarsa.

Kwatanta - na gaba mataki na ci gaba, wanzu a lokacin glacial lokaci (250,000 - 35,000 da suka wuce). Travo- da kuma dabbobi masu cin nama sun iya asali da kuma kula da wuta, da dama kayayyakin aiki, (wukake, choppers, scrapers), koyi wakilta alhakin mafi tasiri yi (maza sun dayansu, mata - butchering carcasses, tara edible Tushen, shuke-shuke).

Cro-Magnons aka maye a cikin juyin sarkar na kwatanta, sun kasance na farko da 'yan jinsin Homo sapiens. Rayu 50 000 - 40 000 da suka wuce. Wannan shi ne anthropologically kusa da na zamani mutane rai. da girma zai iya isa 180 cm, da girma na cikin kwakwalwa -. 1400 cc, mutumin da ya da wani babban goshi, manyan Brow ridges fakowa ba (kamar da magabata). Cro-Magnons sun iya magana articulately, kamar yadda evidenced da shahararren Chin, gina mafaka, sewed konkoma karãtunsa fãtun nuna hadaddun kayayyakin aiki, (kashi, da na dutse, silicon), sun iya ado da su. Nuna wani amfani a addini da kuma art.

Yanzu da ka'idar juyin halitta na asalin mutum ne ya fi kowa, kuma yana da musamman sunan - anthropogenesis.