Peshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna, Gorky matar: a takaice biography

Ekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova-Volzhina - mai ban mamaki mace, sunansa ne sau da yawa da aka ambata a lokacin da ya gaya biography ko labarai daga rayuwar Maksima Gorkogo. A wannan yanayin, ba mutane da yawa sani cewa shi ne daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar da aka sani da Siyasa Red Cross, wadda daga 1918 zuwa 1937 aka tsunduma a cikin arziki na taimako ga fursunoni a gidajen yarin na Soviet Rasha da Tarayyar Soviet.

Peshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna: biography

Yara daga daraja iyalansu a cikin farkon karni na 19th, kamar yadda mai mulkin, suka fursunonin da asali. Duk da haka, nan da karshen karni halin da ake ciki ya canza, tun da yawa membobin wannan aji sun zama matalauta, da zũriyarsu da ba fiye da yara na tsakiyar aji ko aikin, kawai yi iyakar saduwa.

Daga cikin wadannan daraja yara daga matalauta iyalai mallakar da kuma Katya Volzhina (bayan aure Peshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna). An haife ta ne mai daraja iyali a birnin Sumy. Ga wasu unknown dalili, nuna kwanan watan haihuwa a cikin 3 takardu a cikin shekaru daban-daban. Duk da haka, a hukumance shi yarda cewa Katya Volzhina aka haife shi a watan Yuli 1876. Bayan wani lokaci, ta iyali koma Samara, kamar yadda uba, to ku nakasa bashi, rasa dukan arziki. Akwai, da iyali tafi ya zauna a wani rooming gidan a cikin uwa tasa ta albashi, wanda shi ne kawai isa ya biya haya. Riga tun 4th sa nahawu Katya fara ba darussa, domin mahaifina ya kasance tsanani da rashin lafiya. Bugu da kari, ta taimaka mata mahaifiyarsa, suka gudu a miya kitchen don jin yunwa.

A 1895, Catherine sauke karatu daga makarantar sakandare tare da wani ya samu lambar kuma nan da nan ya yanke shawarar samun aiki. Ta yi shi sosai da sauri, don haka bayan wata biyu bayan rasit na takardar shaidar da yarinya ya kasance wani ma'aikaci "Samara jaridar" kuma suka tsayar da aikinsu na corrector.

Saba da matasa Gorky

A edition "Samara jaridar" Catherine Volzhina gana da Alekseem Peshkovym, wanda daga lokaci zuwa lokaci da aka buga a wannan edition. Tsakanin matasa fara guguwa romance. Sai da na ɗauki kusan shekara ga yarinya iyayen sa up tare da zabi na 'yarsa. Su ma aiko ta zuwa Kronstadt, suna begen cewa ta soyayya ga marubuci-tawayen ba ya raya wani dogon rabuwa. Amma rabo ya yanke shawarar in ba haka ba: Paul Volzhin ba rayu har zuwa dawo da 'yan mata daga tafiya, da gwauruwa ta gaske ba tare da tsoma baki' yarta. Tare da ta albarka a lokacin rani na 1896 Catherine da Max sun yi aure. Bayan da Catherine Volzhina sauya sunanta zuwa Peshkov kuma bai canja shi ba kafin karshen rayuwa.

aure

A 1897 da biyu yana da dan Max, sa'an nan ya Katya, wanda ya mutu daga meningitis lõkacin da ta kasance kawai 5 years.

Wannan bakin ciki ya faru jim kadan bayan da matasa iyali koma Nizhny Novgorod. A yarinya ta mutuwa ne dalilin quenching tsakanin maza, kuma a karshen 1903 Peshkov raba yardatayya, da karin cewa Gorky wani mace. Duk da haka, da suka riƙe cikin rayuwarsa mai sosai dumi dangantaka. Akwai shaida da cewa wani m saki Aleksey Maksimovich da Yekaterina Pavlovna Peshkova ba dai da. A goyon bayan wannan tabbatarwa shi ne gaskiya cewa Gorky daina shiga wata rajista aure, ko da yake ba sau tafi tare da mata.

Rayuwa kasashen waje

A 1907, tare da 10-shekara da haihuwa dan Maxim Peshkov Ekaterina Pavlovna tafi kasashen waje. Akwai su rayu, yafi a Paris. Ba da da ewa, tsohon matar Gorky yanke shawarar ci gaba da ilimi da kuma ya fara halartar Faransa harshe darussa da laccoci a kan zamantakewa kimiyya a Sorbonne University. Layi daya ga wannan, shi janyo hankalin zuwa aikin da'irori taimako kurkuku da kuma gudun hijira, shirya V. N. Figner. Kasashen waje Peshkov Ekaterina Pavlovna (ga photo. Sama da a cikin matasa) shiga cikin Socialist-yunkuri, da kuma aiki a haure ofishin, ƙaddara ga kungiyar na kai kayan agaji Rasha siyasa, sunã mãsu hijira.

A lokacin yakin duniya na farko

A shekara ta 1914, Peshkov aka gangarawa yara kwamitin "Taimaka wadanda ke fama da yaki" da kuma shirya wani rukuni na masu sa kai, duba ga minors bar baya na gaba line. A wannan aikin, ta taimaka I. N. Saharov - kakan A. D. Saharova.

Yanke Shawara cewa a gida ta iya kawo babban amfanin, Peshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna, tare da dansa koma zuwa Rasha. Su hanya yana cike da kasada, kamar yadda saboda siyasa halin da ake ciki halitta yayin da a cikin duniya, daga Italiya suka yi tafi da jirgin ruwa zuwa Konstantinoful da kuma daga can don samun to Odessa.

The ayyuka na Red Cross

Wadanda suka san Ekaterinu Peshkovu, ya kira ta da wani mutumin da taimako yanayi, tun babban ɓangare na rayuwar ta aka keɓe wa mutane, daya dalili ko wata samu kansu a cikin halin da ake ciki inda ba za su iya taimakon kansu. Ko a lokacin zaman da kasashen waje da matasa mace fara yin hadin gwiwa tare da Red Cross da kuma ci gaba da neman fursunoni da bayan ya dawo gida.

A lokacin Bolshevik tsõro Peshkov Ekaterina Pavlovna ci gaba da aiki domin Red Cross. Bolshevik kungiyar da aka ba dole ba, amma gwamnati na matasa Jamhuriyar iya ba watsi da shi, saboda shi hada da irin wannan girmamawa Figures a matsayin Korolenko, Kropotkin, kuma Veresaev Figner. A lokaci guda akwai wani sabon kalaman na fursunonin siyasa, yanzu saba da manufofin da RSDLP (b).

"Co-aiki" da KGB da NKVD

Moscow kwamitin Red Cross a ziyarci gidajen yarin Peshkova umurci. Cheka wannan ba tsayayya da dube ta aiki ta hanyar ta yatsunsu. Yana kiyaye ko da shaida da cewa tsohon matar Gorky daga daya daga cikin tafiye-tafiye a kasashen waje ya kawo a cikin F. Dzerzhinsky kyauta Kakaki. An yi imani da cewa hanyar wadannan dangantakar ne so don shafa Gorky Lenin a kowane hanya don samun goyon bayan.

Duk da haka, a cikin shekara ta 1919 zuwa Ekaterinu Pavlovnu aka bude bincike fayil. Ta aka kuma zarge na zuwa Socialist-Revolutionary Party. A lokacin da gudanar da bincike, da mace a cikin gidan da aka yi bincike, amma ta ba kama, da kuma a shekara ta 1922 da hali ya rufaffiyar.

Pompolit

A 1922, Ekaterina Peshkova (Gorky matar) ya halitta sabon shiri. A mutane kira shi Pompolitom saboda ta ma'aikata sun yi kokari don yin rayuwa sauki a kurkuku dungeons dubban mutane suke fama da siyasa danniya. Sau da yawa sosai, sai wata mace ziyarci fursunoni a lokacin bincike na fursunoni, qaddamar da Polish Red Cross. Bugu da kari, Ekaterina Peshkova (matar Gorky) akai-akai tafiya kasashen waje don tara kudi domin yunwa ta fara addabar Volga. Kuma ta invaluable taimako ga ceto na Yahudawa, da ake zargi da yahudawan sahyoniya, da yawa daga abin da ta taimaka wajen yi hijira zuwa Palestine.

Ko da yake a shekara ta 1938 Pompolit aka rufe a kan umarni na NKVD, Ekaterina Pavlovna ci gaba da taimaka duk wadanda suka juya mata. A 1941 aka kwashe zuwa Uzbekistan, inda take zaune har yãƙi ya ƙare.

A karshe shekaru ransa

Peshkova Ekaterina Pavlovna, biography wanda ka sani na shekaru masu yawa ya yi aiki a matsayin mai bada shawara a Archives A. Gorky Institute of World Wallafe-wallafe. Ya mutu bayan wani dogon rashin lafiya, a shekarar 1965. Ta aka binne shi a Novodevichy hurumi, kusa da ɗansa da 'yarsa.

dan

Kamar yadda aka ambata a riga, ɗan fari Peshkov - Maxim - An haife shi a 1897. Mafi yawansu ya yara ya ciyar da mahaifiyarsa kasashen waje. A dawowarsa a 1917 ya shiga cikin RSDLP. Kusan nan da nan bayan da na fara aiki a cikin KGB, inda yake da hannu tare da al'amurran da suka shafi tare da abinci na babban birnin kasar. A 1922 ya bar for Italiya. Ya rayu a Berlin. Sau da yawa ya gana da Gorky. A 1932, tare da mahaifinsa da kuma matarsa koma zuwa da Tarayyar Soviet. An sani cewa shi ne sau da yawa kira su zuwa ga kansa da kuma solder Commissar na NKVD Yagoda. Wata rana, a kan dawowarsa daga gaba idi, a cikin m sanyi, yana zaune ne a cikin yadi, sosai sanyi kuma ya mutu da ciwon huhu.

Yanzu ka san wanda ya Peshkov Ekaterina Pavlovna. A tunanin wadanda suka halarta da ayyukan da Red Cross da kuma Pompolite fahince ta a matsayin mutum wanda ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa don sadaka - don taimakawa mutane wanda suka samu kansu a wuya rayuwa yanayi.