Spacesuits 'yan saman jannati: aiki na'urar. A farko kwat da wando

Spacesuits 'yan saman jannati - yana da ba kawai da tufafi ga manufa a cikin falaki. A farko daga cikin wadannan ya bayyana a cikin farkon karni na ashirin. Yana wani lokacin har zuwa sarari jirgin ya kusan rabin karni. Duk da haka, masana kimiyya ya gane cewa samun Extraterrestrial sarari, da sharuddan da abin da ya bambanta daga mu saba, makawa. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa na nan gaba manufa zo up, xan sama jannatin kaya, wanda zai iya kare mutum daga wani yanayi m ga shi.

A ra'ayi na mai spacesuit

Mene ne kayan aiki ga sarari tafiya? Spacesuit - shi ne wani nau'i ne na mu'ujiza da fasaha. Yana da wani dada sarari tashar rubanyawar da siffar jikin mutum.

A zamani spacesuit sanye take da wani dukan jannati rai goyon bayan tsarin. Amma duk da wuya daga cikin na'urar, duk abin da a da shi ne m da kuma dace located.

Tarihi na halitta

The kalmar "kwat da wando" yana da Faransa asalinsu. Shigar da manufar samarwa a 1775 mazaunin lissafi Zhan Batist De Efes Chapelle. Hakika, a karshen karni na 18th of tashi zuwa sararin sama, babu wanda ko da mafarkin na. The kalmar "kwat da wando", wanda a Greek nufin "jirgin ruwan-mutane", an yanke shawarar a yi amfani da ruwa kayan aiki.

Da zuwan na sarari shekaru wannan ra'ayi da aka yi amfani da Rasha harshe. Kawai a nan shi ya samu wani dan kadan daban-daban ma'anar. Mutumin ya fara hawa mafi girma da kuma mafi girma. A wannan dangane akwai bukatar musamman kayan aiki. Saboda haka, a tsawon bakwai kilomita shi dumi tufafi da oxygen mask. Nisa a cikin kewayon dubu goma mita saboda da matsa lamba drop bukatar a matsa gida da kuma compensating kwat da wando. In ba haka ba, lokacin da depressurization matukin haske zai gushe sha oxygen. To, idan ka je har ma mafi girma? A wannan yanayin, za ka bukatar wani sarari kwat da wando. Ya zama dole ne sosai m. Lokacin da ciki matsa lamba a cikin kwat da wando (yawanci a cikin 40 bisa dari na yanayi) zai ceci rayukan matukin jirgi.

A cikin 1920s, da dama articles na Turanci physiologist Dzhona Holdena. A cikinsu marubucin aka tambaye amfani da kara na iri iri don kare lafiya da kuma rayuwa na balloonists. Ya ma yi kokarin aiwatar da su ideas. Ya gina irin wannan kwat da wando da kuma gwada shi a cikin wani matsin lamba jam'iyya, inda aka samu matsin lamba m zuwa tsawon 25,6 km. Duk da haka, da gina balloons cewa zai iya tashi cikin stratosphere - ba wani cheap yardarSa. Kuma Amirka balloonist Mark Ridge, ga wanda aka yi amfani da wani farɗan mai kaya, yana nufin, da rashin alheri, ba a tattara. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa kwat da wando Holden a yi ba a gwada.

Development of Soviet masana kimiyya

A kasar da aka tsunduma cikin wani spacesuit m Evgeniy Chertovsky, wanda ya memba na Cibiyar sufurin jiragen sama Medicine. Domin shekaru tara, daga shekarar 1931 zuwa 1940, ya ci gaba 7 model na shãfe haske kayan aiki. Duniya na farko Soviet m yanke shawarar motsi matsala. Gaskiyar cewa Yunƙurin zuwa wani tsawo spacesuit ballooned. Bayan haka, matukin jirgin da aka tilasta yin ma fi girma kokarin kawai tanƙwara kafa ko hannu. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa model B-2 da aka tsara a matsayin wani injiniya da hinges.

A 1936, wani sabon version na sarari kayan aiki. Yana da wani model B-3, dauke da kusan dukan bayani ba a zamani kara da cewa amfani da Rasha cosmonauts. Gwada wannan zabin, musamman kayan aiki da ya faru 19.05.1937 A nauyi m tarin fuka-3 da aka yi amfani a matsayin abin hawa.

Tun da 1936, da 'yan saman jannati sarari kara aka ɓullo da matasa injiniyoyi na tsakiya hydrodynamic Cibiyar. By wannan su yi wahayi zuwa gare farko sci-fi movie "Space tafiya", halitta a tare da haɗin gwiwar Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.

A farko kwat da wando da index SK-UP-1 matasa injiniyoyi sun tsara, kerarre kuma gwada a kawai 1937. Ko da external bayyanar da wannan kayan aiki na nuna ta Extraterrestrial makõma. A farko model don a haɗa da ƙananan kuma babba sassa na bel da aka bayar haši. Samar da babba motsi kafada gidajen abinci. Wannan kwat da wando jacket da aka yi da wani biyu-Layer rubberized masana'anta.

A ci gaba da embodiment kwat da wando daban-daban gaban m farfadowa tsarin, tsara don 6 hours na ci gaba da aiki. SK-matakai-8 - A 1940, na karshe pre-yaki Soviet spacesuit an halitta. Gwaji na kayan aiki za'ayi a kan wani jirgin saman soja-153.

Halittar musamman samarwa

A postwar shekaru, da himma don tsara shirin sarari kara intercepted Flight Research Institute. Its kwararru sun samu aikin zayyana kayayyaki, tsara don jirgin sama matukan jirgi, ya yi nasara da sabon gudu da kuma tsawo. Duk da haka, domin taro samar da guda ma'aikata shi ne bai isa ba. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa a watan Oktoba shekara ta 1952, wani injiniya Aleksandrom Boyko musamman sashen da aka halitta. Ya kasance a kewayen birni Tomilino, da shuka yawan 918. yau, da shuka da aka kira NPP "Zvezda". A da shi a lokacin da kwat da wando Gagarin an halitta.

Tashi a sarari

A cikin marigayi 1950s, wani sabon zamanin na ci gaba Extraterrestrial sarari. A lokacin wannan lokaci na Soviet zane injiniyoyi fara zayyana "Vostok" - na farko sarari abin hawa. Duk da haka, shi aka farko shirya cewa sarari ya fi dacewa da 'yan saman jannati ba zai zama dole ga wannan roka. A matukin jirgi ya kamata ya zama a cikin wata na musamman airtight ganga, wanda shi ne za a rabu da saukowa daga zuriya kwantena. Duk da haka, wannan makirci tabbatar da cewa sosai amfani da tsauraran matakan da, haka ma, ya bukaci hali dogon lokacin da gwaje-gwaje. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ciki tsari na "Gabas" a watan Agusta shekarar 1960, an redesigned.

Sergei Korolev ofishin masana sun canza da ganga a kan ejection wurin zama. A wannan batun, nan gaba 'yan saman jannati bukatar kariya a taron na depressurization. Kuma shi ya da kwat da wando. Duk da haka, da lokacin ta Tashar sarrafa tare da jirgin sama tsarin rasa. A wannan batun, duk da cewa ya zama dole ga arziki na pilot, sanya kai tsaye a kujera.

A farko spacesuits 'yan saman jannati aka kira SC-1. Tushe tsawo kwat da wando, "Vorkuta" an dauka, tsara don jirgin saman soja-interceptor Su-9 matukan jirgi. Complete maimaitawa hõre kawai kwalkwali. Yana ta kafa wani tsarin da iko da Na'urar haska. Idan matsa lamba a cikin kwat da wando nan da nan zasu sake kakubawa da m visor.

Kayan aiki ga 'yan saman jannati sanya a kan mutum nagartacce. Domin da farko jirgin an halitta ga waɗanda suka nuna mafi kyau matakin na horo. Wannan uku na shugabannin, wanda ya hada Yuri Gagarin, Jamus Titov da Grigory Nelyubov.

Sha'awa, da 'yan saman jannati a sararin samaniya daga baya ziyarci kwat da wando. Daya daga cikin na musamman kara SC-1 iri da aka aiko zuwa sarari suKe a lokacin da biyu unmanned gwajin gabatar da na "Vostok" sararin, da aka gudanar a watan Maris na shekarar 1961 Bugu da kari ga gwaji ne ya ɓace a kan jirgin ya mai mannequin "Ivan Ivanovich", ado a cikin wani kwat da wando. A cikin ƙirjinka daga wannan wucin gadi mutumin shigar da wani keji da Guinea aladu da kuma beraye. Kuma domin saukowa riqo na wuccin shaidu ba yarda "Ivan Ivanovich" ga dan hanya, da kwamfutar hannu da aka sanya karkashin visor ya kwat da wando da rubutu "Layout".

A kara SC-1 amfani ga biyar manned jirgin na "Vostok". Duk da haka, 'yan saman jannati mace iya tashi a cikinsu. Domin su, da model SC-2 da aka halitta. An farko samu ta yin amfani a lokacin da jirgin na "Vostok-6". Mun kerarre kwat da wando, shan la'akari da peculiarities na mace jiki tsari, domin Valentina Tereshkova.

Development of American kwararru

A aiwatar da shirin "Mercury" US designers opted ga Soviet injiniyoyi, ta haka ne yin su bada shawarwari. Saboda haka, da farko American sarari kwat da wando la'akari da cewa da 'yan saman jannati a sararin samaniya a nan gaba zai zama ya fi tsayi a sarari suKe.

Zanen Rassel Kolli Ya sanya ta musamman kaya Navy Mark, asali nufin ga flights da matukan jirgi na sojan ruwa jirgin sama. Ba kamar sauran model, wannan kwat da wando ya m, kuma yana da wata gwada da low nauyi. Don amfani da wannan zabin a sarari shirye-shirye a cikin zane an dama da canje-canje da cewa da farko ya shafi kwalkwali na'urar.

A kara Amirkawa sun tabbatar da aminci. Sau ɗaya kawai, a lokacin da kwantena "Mercury-4" tuki da kuma fara nutse, da kwat da wando kusan lalace, xan sama jannatin Virgil Grissona. A matukin jirgi kawai gudanar ya fita, saboda haka yaushe ba za a iya cire ta daga jirgin rai goyon bayan tsarin.

Ƙirƙiri tsayawar-shi kadai kara

Saboda da m taki na ci gaba da sarari da ake bukata don gina wani sabon musamman kayayyaki. Bayan duk, na farko model sun kawai ceto. Saboda gaskiya cewa suna a haɗe zuwa wani rai goyon bayan tsarin na manned kumbon sama jannati, 'yan saman jannati a sararin samaniya a cikin irin wannan kaya ba halarci. Don fita bude Extraterrestrial sarari ya zama dole don gina wani kai dauke sarari kwat da wando. Wadannan yi zanen kaya na Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka.

Amirka ƙarƙashin ta sarari shirin "Gemini" haifar da sabon juyi na kara G3C, G4C, kuma g5c. Na biyu daga cikinsu da aka yi nufi ga spacewalks. Duk da cewa duk US spacesuits aka haɗa ta jirgin rai goyon bayan tsarin, kai dauke naúrar da aka gina a cikin su. Idan dole, zai zama quite isa albarkatun domin tallafawa jannati rayukansu a cikin rabin awa.

Kwat da wando G4C 03.06.1965 aka saki a bude sarari American Edvard Uayt. Duk da haka, ya kasance ba wani majagaba. Domin biyu da rabi watanni kafin shi gaba zuwa jirgin tafiya ba, a sarari Alexei Leonov. Domin wannan tarihi jirgin, Soviet injiniyoyi ɓullo da wani kwat da wando na "Berkut". Yana sãɓã wa jũna daga NC-1 da gaban da na biyu dakile. Bugu da kari, cikin kwat da wando da Zaplechny jakarka ta baya, sanye take da oxygen cylinders, kuma a cikin kwalkwali saka tace.

Duk da yake a cikin bude sarari mutum an haɗa zuwa bakwai-mita jirgin ruwan igiya, a matsayin wani ɓangare na wanda yana da damping na'urar, lantarki wayoyi, karfe waya da kuma tiyo for gaggawa oxygen wadata. Tarihi fita a Extraterrestrial sarari ya faru a ranar 18.03.1965, Alexei Leonov yake a bayan kumbon sama jannati don 23 minutes. 41 sec.

A kara domin bincike na Moon

Bayan ci gaba da Duniya ta kewayewa mutumin garzaya gaba. Kuma ta farko da nufin ya gudanar manufa ga watã. Amma wannan da ake bukata musamman m sarari kara, wanda zai zama a waje da jirgi a cikin 'yan sa'o'i. An halicce su da Amirkawa a lokacin "Apollo" shirin raya kasa. Wadannan kara samar da kariya ga 'yan saman jannati daga hasken rana zafi fiye da kima, kuma daga micrometeorites. A farko version ɓullo da Lunar spacesuits kira A5L. Daga baya, duk da haka, an inganta. A sabon versions A6L bayar da zafi rufi jacket. Version A7L ya fireproof embodiment.

Lunar spacesuits ne na game Multi-mai lebur kayayyaki, da m gidajen abinci sanya daga roba. Cuffs da kuma abin wuya ne karfe zobba ga abin da aka makala shãfe haske safar hannu, da kwalkwali. Maballaye kara yin amfani tsaye zik din sewn daga cikin makwancin gwaiwa zuwa wuyansa.

Amirkawa kafa kafar a kan Moon 21.07.1969, da lokacin da wannan jirgin, ya sami yin amfani da kara A7L.

Muna zuwa da watã kuma Soviet cosmonauts. Domin wannan manufa shi ne don ƙirƙirar spacesuits "Merlin." Shi ne mai Semi-m version na kwat da wando, da yake yana da musamman mayar da kofa. The sama jannatin yana da hawa a cikinta, ado kamar haka a kaya. Na rufe kofa daga ciki. A saboda wannan dalili aka bayar a gefen liba da hadaddun makirci na igiyoyi. Ciki da kwat da wando shi ne, kuma rai goyon bayan tsarin. Abin baƙin ciki, ziyarar a kan Moon da Soviet cosmonauts da kasa. Amma tsara don dacewa da irin flights aka baya amfani a cikin ci gaban sauran model.

Kayan aiki ga sabuwar jiragen ruwa

Kaddamar "Soyuz" Da farko a 1967, tarayyar soviet suka fara. Wadannan sun motocin tsara don halittar orbital tashoshin. Lokaci ya ciyar a kan su 'yan saman jannati consistently karu.

"Union" aka sanya kwat da wando "Hawk" for tashi da jiragen ruwa. Its bambance-bambance daga cikin "Berkut" ya faru a cikin rayuwar goyon bayan tsarin zane. Tare da taimakon da wurare dabam dabam na numfashi mix sanya a ciki da kwat da wando. A nan, shi ne tsabtace abin gurɓatawa da carbon dioxide, sa'an nan kuma sanyaya.

A sabon ceto kwat da wando "Sokol-K" da aka yi amfani da lokacin da jirgin na "Soyuz-12" a watan Satumba 1973 More m model na m tufafi sayi ko tallace-tallace a cikin wakilan kasar Sin. Yana da ban sha'awa cewa a lokacin da ka gudu da manned kumbon sama jannati "Shanchzhou" 'yan saman jannati a cikinta aka ado a kaya, shi ne sosai reminiscent na Rasha samfurin.

Domin spacewalk Soviet designers, Mun halitta a sarari kwat da wando "Orlan". Yana da wani m Semi-m kaya, kama da Lunar "gyrfalcon". Saka a kan shi ma ya zo ta hanyar ƙofar a baya. Amma, sabanin "Krechet", "gaggafa" ya game duniya. Ya hannayen riga da pant kafafu saukin gyara ga bukata tsawo.

A spacesuits "Orlan" an tashi ba kawai Rasha cosmonauts. Wadannan da model na kayan aiki da Sin sun sanya su "Feitian". A cikinsu, suka tashi suka tafi da bude sarari.

A kara na gaba

Don kwanan wata, NASA yana bunkasa sabon sarari shirin. Wadannan sun hada da jiragen da asteroids, da watã, da kuma balaguro zuwa Mars. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ya ci gaba da cin gaban sabon gyare-gyare ga kara, wanda a nan gaba za su yi haɗi zuwa duk tabbatacce halaye ne na aiki da kuma kara ceto kayan aiki. A kan abin da bambance-bambancen zai daina Developers, shi ne har yanzu ba a sani ba.

Wata kila zai zama mai tauri m makamai da kare mutum daga dukkan mummunan waje tsoma, watakila, fasahar zamani na da damar ya halicci duniya harsashi, ladabi da cewa za a nuna godiya da nan gaba mace 'yan saman jannati.