Flame: tsarin bayanin makirci da zazzabi

A konewa aiwatar da harshen wuta da aka kafa, da tsarin da aka sa ta reactants. Its tsarin ne zuwa kashi yankunan dangane da yawan zafin jiki halaye.

definition

Flame kira da zafi gas a cikin nau'i a cikin abin da aka gyara su ne ba a cikin jini, ko abubuwa tarwatsa m form. Su suna da za'ayi jiki da kuma sinadaran hira irin tare da luminescence, zafi saki da kuma dumama.

A gaban a gaseous matsakaici da kuma ion m barbashi halin da lantarki watsin da kuma musamman da hali na electromagnetic filin.

Mene ne harshen wuta

Yawanci shi yana nufin da matakai hade tare da konewa. Idan aka kwatanta da iska, da gas yawa ne kasa, amma sa high zazzabi yi na gas dagawa. Kuma samar da harshen wuta da suke da dogon ko takaice. Sau da yawa akwai ma wani m miƙa mulki na daya nau'i cikin wani.

Flame: Tsari da kuma Structure

Domin sanin bayyanar da aka bayyana sabon abu ne isa ya ƙone da gas kuka. Bayyana nonluminous harshen wuta ba za a dauke uniform. Gani, akwai uku manyan yankunan da. Ba zato ba tsammani, da nazarin harshen tsarin ya nuna cewa daban-daban abubuwa suna lit ta samar da iri dabam dabam harshen wuta.

Lokacin da kona wata cakuda da gas da kuma iska ya auku farko kafa short harshen wuta, wanda yana da blue color, da shunayya, launukansa. Ana iya gani cikin zuciyar - kore da kuma shudi kama wani mazugi. Ka yi la'akari da harshen wuta. A tsarin da shi ne zuwa kashi uku zones:

1. Ware shiri yanki a cikinsa da dumama da cakuda gas da kuma iska a kanti na kuka takware.
2. Wannan an bi ta zone a cikin abin da konewa faruwa. Yana bautarka saman mazugi.
3. Lokacin da akwai wani rashin iska ya kwarara, gas konewa incompletely. Bayar divalent carbon monoxide da hydrogen moieties. Su bayan-kona daukan wuri a cikin wani na uku inda akwai oxygen samuwa.

Yanzu la'akari daban da daban-daban konewa tafiyar matakai.

kyandir kona

Burning kyandir kamar kona ashana ko lighters. A kyandir harshen wuta tsarin kama da ja-zafi gas rafi cewa an tumɓuke ta saboda buoyancy sojojin. A tsari fara da dumama da lagwani, bi da danshin da kakin zuma.

Lowermost zone dake ciki da kuma m zuwa filament, da ake kira na farko yankin. Yana yana da wani kadan blue luminescence saboda da manyan adadin man fetur, amma wani karamin girma na oxygen cakuda. Akwai aka yi wani tsari na bai cika konewa abubuwa da rabuwa na carbon monoxide, wanda aka baya oxidized.

A farko zone aka kewaye da wani mai bayyanãwa biyu harsashi, wanda characterizes tsarin da kyandir harshen wuta. Yana sami wani babban adadin oxygen, wadda take kaiwa zuwa ci gaba da hadawan abu da iskar shaka dauki tare da man fetur kwayoyin. Zazzabi karatu a nan zai zama mafi girma fiye da a cikin duhu zone, amma kasa ga karshe bazuwar. Shi ne a cikin ta farko da biyu yankunan da karfi dumama droplets na unburned man fetur da kuma carbon barbashi akwai wani glowing sakamako.

Na biyu zone aka kewaye da wani cladding da wuya detectable high zazzabi dabi'u. Ya zo a da yawa daga oxygen kwayoyin da cewa ya inganta cikakken afterburner man fetur barbashi. Bayan da hadawan abu da iskar shaka da abubuwa a cikin na uku zone luminous sakamako ba ya lura.

diagrammatic wakilci

Domin tsabta, za mu gabatar da hankali da image na kona kyandirori. harshen wuta kewaye hada da:

1. A farko ko duhu yankin.
2. A na biyu luminous yankin.
3. A bisa uku m harsashi.

Thread da tartsatsi ne ba batun kona da charring kawai zare karshen.

kona ruhu fitilar

Domin sinadaran da gwaje-gwajen da sau da yawa amfani da kananan kwantena tare da barasa. Suna da ake kira barasa kuka. kuka lagwani impregnated malale, lokacin da ruwa da man fetur ta hanyar da orifice. Wannan yana yuwuwa ta capillary matsa lamba. Bayan kai da saman lagwani free, barasa fara ƙafe. A tururi lokaci shi ne kunna da konewa a zazzabi ba wucewa 900 ° C.

Bira daga wani barasa fitilar yana da saba tsari, shi ne kusan colorless, da kadan tinge na blue. Its yanki ne ba don haka a fili a bayyane, kamar kyandir.

A cikin barasa kuka, mai suna bayan da masanin kimiyyar Barthauer, farkon na wuta da aka located sama da alkyabbar kuka. Irin wannan harshen shigar azzakari cikin farji rage duhu ciki mazugi da ke fita daga rami matsakaici rabo, wanda ke dauke da mafi zafi.

launi halayyar

Flame radiation launi daban-daban ya sa ta lantarki a mulki. Suna kuma kira zafi. Saboda haka, a sakamakon konewa da hydrocarbon bangaren a cikin iska, saboda a saki blue harshen wuta HC fili. Amma lokacin da barbashi CC radiation mika wutar ne a canza launin orange-ja launi.

Yana da wuya a ga tsarin da harshen wuta, da sunadarai na wanda ya ƙunshi wani fili daga cikin ruwa, carbon dioxide da carbon monoxide, sadarwa OH. Its harsuna kusan colorless, tun sama da barbashi a lokacin konewa emit ultraviolet da infrared radiation.

Shafi harshen dangantaka da zazzabi Manuniya, da gaban ionic jinsunan cewa suna cikin wani takamaiman watsi bakan ko Tantancewar. Saboda haka, konewa na wasu daga cikin abubuwa Yanã launi canji a cikin kuka harshen wuta. Bambance-bambance a cikin batawa na mika wutar suna hade da abubuwa daban-daban dake cikin kungiyoyin na lokaci-lokaci tsarin.

Wuta a gaban radiation, game da bayyane bakan, binciken spectroscope. An gano cewa, da sauki abu na jimlar subgroups kuma da irin harshen wuta canza launi. Domin tsabta konewa amfani sodium a matsayin gwajin aiki karfe. Idan ka sa shi a cikin harshen wuta, harsunansu ne mai haske rawaya. A kan tushen da launi halaye na gano sodium line a cikin watsi bakan.

Domin Alkali karfe halayyar dũkiyar m zumudi haske watsi da atomic barbashi. Lokacin yin volatility mahadi daga irin wannan abubuwa a wani Bunsen kuka harshen wuta ne da launi.

Spectroscopic jarrabawa ya nuna halayyar Lines a yankin bayyane zuwa ga mutum ido. Gudun haske zumudi da kuma watsi na sauki tsarin a hankali alaka da halayyar high electropositive karafa.

fasalin

A zuciya na da harshen wutar rarrabuwa dangane da wadannan halaye:

• Jihar tari kona mahadi. Su gaseous aerodisperse, m da ruwa nau'i.
• irin radiation, wanda zai iya zama colorless, launin da kuma mai bayyanãwa.
• Rarraba gudun. Akwai azumi da kuma jinkirin yadawa.
• A harshen tsawo. Tsarin zai iya zama short da kuma dogon.
• harafin motsi maida martani garwayayye. Emit pulsating laminar, m motsi.
• gani ji. Abubuwa ƙone da kasafi sooting, launin bane, ko m harshen wuta.
• zazzabi siga. A harshen wuta na iya zama wani low zazzabi, mura da kuma high zazzabi.
• lokaci jiha na man fetur - oxidizing reagent.

Ƙonewa faruwa ta yadawa, ko da pre-hadawa da aiki aka gyara.

Oxidizing da kuma rage yanki

A hadawan abu da iskar shaka fitowa a m zone. Shi ne mafi zafi da aka located a saman. Yana man fetur barbashi sha cikakken konewa. Kuma gaban wuce haddi da oxygen da kuma man fetur karancin take kaiwa zuwa wani m hadawan abu da iskar shaka tsari. Wannan yanayin ya kamata a yi amfani da lokacin da tsanani da abubuwa sama da kuka. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa abu ne nutsa a cikin sama rabo daga harshen wuta. Irin wannan konewa faruwa yawa sauri.

Rage halayen dauki wuri a cikin tsakiyar da kuma ƙananan ɓangare na harshen wuta. Yana ƙunshi babban wadata da na combustible abubuwa da kuma kananan adadin Yã ₂ kwayoyin dauke da konewa. Lokacin da ake ji wadannan yankuna oxygenate tsakiyan nonon ne za'ayi Yã kashi.

A matsayin misali, da rage harshen da aka yi amfani da tsari na tsakiyan nonon na divalent baƙin ƙarfe sulfate. Bayan lamba tare da FeSO ₄ a tsakiyar rabo daga kuka harshen wuta, a can ne a farko dumama shi, sa'an nan da bazuwar cikin ferric oxide, kuma sulfur dioxide anhydride. A wannan dauki auku tare da S dawo da cajin da +6 da +4.

waldi harshen wuta

Wannan irin harshen wuta kafa ta konewa daga cikin cakuda gas ko ruwa tare da tururi tsarki oxygen.

An misali ne da samuwar oxygen-acetylene harshen wuta. An ware:

• core yankin.
• secondary dawo da yankin.
• matsananci walƙiya zone.

Saboda haka da yawa kona gas-oxygen cakuda. Bambance-bambance a cikin rabo na acetylene da gubar zuwa daban-daban oxidant harshen wuta irin. Yana iya zama al'ada, carburizing (atsetilenistogo) da kuma oxidative tsarin.

Rubuce, da aiwatar da bai cika konewa na acetylene a tsarkake oxygen za a iya bayyana ta da wadannan lissafi: HCCH + O ₂ → H ₂ + CO + CO (for dauki bukatar daya mole na Yã _2).

Samu kamar yadda kwayoyin hydrogen da carbon monoxide amsa tare da iska oxygen. A karshe kayayyakin ne ruwa da kuma tetravalent carbon monoxide. A lissafi ne kamar haka: CO + CO ₂ + H + 1½O ₂ → CO ₂ + ₂ + CO H ₂ O. Don wannan dauki bukatar 1.5 moles na oxygen. A summation Yã ₂ an samu cewa 2.5 mole cinye ta 1 mole HCCH. Kuma tun a yi shi ne da wuya a sami cikakken tsarki oxygen (sau da yawa yana da matukar kananan samu na impurities), da rabo daga Yã ₂ ga HCCH ne 1.10 zuwa 1.20.

Lokacin da rabo daga oxygen zuwa acetylene darajar kasa da 1.10, akwai wani carburizing harshen wuta. A tsarin ya karu da ginshikin, ta shaci zama mara kyau. Daga wannan toka wuta kasaftawa saboda rashin oxygen kwayoyin.

Idan rabo na gas mafi girma daga 1.20, da oxidizing harshen wuta da aka samu tare da wani wuce haddi na oxygen. Ba dole ba ta kwayoyin hallaka kwayoyin halitta na baƙin ƙarfe da sauran karfe aka gyara daga cikin kuka. Wannan harshen nukiliya kashi zama guntu, kuma yana da tapering.

zazzabi karatu

Kowane sashi daga cikin kuka wutar kyandir ko yana da darajar saboda ci oxygen kwayoyin. bude wuta zafin jiki a sassa daban-daban jeri daga 300 ° C zuwa 1600 ° C.

An misali ne mai harshen wuta yadawa da kuma laminar, wanda aka kafa a uku bawo. Ya kunshi mazugi duhu rabo tare da yanayin zafi har zuwa 360 ° C da kuma rashin wani oxidizing wakili. Sama da shi ne haske zone. Its zazzabi jeri daga 550 zuwa 850 ° C, wanda ya inganta thermal bazuwar daga cikin combustible cakuda da konewa.

External yanki kawai m. Ya zo harshen zafin jiki zuwa 1560 ° C, wanda aka sa ta halitta da halaye na man fetur da kwayoyin da rapidity na samu daga wani oxidizing wakili. A nan, ya fi ƙwazo konewa.

Abu kunna a daban-daban da zazzabi yanayi. Alal misali, ƙarfe magnesium konewa kawai a 2210 ° C. Domin da yawa daskararru harshen zafin jiki na game da 350 ° C. Ƙonewa yiwu ashana da kananzir a 800 ° C yayin da katako - daga 850 ° C zuwa 950 ° C.

The taba aka lit harshen wuta, da yawan zafin jiki wanda dabam daga 690 zuwa 790 ° C da kuma wani propane-butane cakuda - daga 790 ° C zuwa 1960 ° C. Fetur kunna a 1350 ° C. Flame na kona barasa ne a zazzabi ba wucewa 900 ° C.