Shiri na ammonia a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje da kuma masana'antu sikelin

Ammonia (NH3) ne sinadaran fili na hydrogen da nitrogen. Yana samu da sunan daga kalmar Helenanci «hals ammniakos» ko Latin «Sal ammoniacus» wanda fassara Odinokova - "ammonia". Yana da wani abu da ake kira ammonium chloride da aka samu a kasar Libya hamada zango da Ammonium.

Ammonia ne dauke da wani sosai mai guba abu abin da yake iya irritating da mucous membranes da idanu da kuma numfashi fili. A farko bayyanar cututtuka na ammonia dalma ba ya wuce kima lacrimation, dyspnea da na huhu ƙonewa. A lokaci guda, ammonia - mai muhimmanci da sinadaran wanda aka yadu amfani da shiri na inorganic acid, msl, nitric, cyanide, kazalika da urea da nitrogen salts. Liquid ammonia - shi ne mai kyau aiki matsakaici firiji kwantena da inji, tun da shi yana da babban takamaiman zafi na vaporization. Mai ruwa-ruwa ammonia mafita ana amfani da ruwa taki kazalika ga ammoniation superphosphate taki, da kuma garwayayye daga gare ta.

Shiri na ammonia daga flue iskar gas a lokacin coking ne mafi tsoho da kuma sosai samuwa hanya, amma a kwanan shi ya ƙare, kuma aka kusan amfani.

Modern da asali Hanyar ne, don samar ammonia a cikin masana'antu dangane da minjun tsari. Its ainihi shi ne mai kai tsaye hulda da nitrogen da hydrogen, wanda ya auku a sakamakon hira da hydrocarbon gas. A feedstock yawanci bayyana iskar gas, gas, da man fetur da refining, man fetur gas wucewa saura gas daga samar da acetylene. A hanya domin samar da ammonia hira kunshi a saki da methane da homologs tare da high zafin jiki aka gyara na hydrogen da carbon monoxide da oxidants - oxygen da kuma ruwa tururi. Lokacin da wannan gas da aka admixed ga canzawa oxygen-wadãtar da iska, ko na yanayi iska. Da farko, da dauki samar da ammonia a kan tushen da canja gas gudana daga zafin rana, amma tare da wani karu a juz'i na fara kayayyakin na dauki:

N2 + 3H2 ↔ 2NH3 + 45,9 KJ

Duk da haka, samar da ammonia a kan wani m sikelin ne da za'ayi amfani da wani mai kara kuzari da kuma karkashin wucin gadi yanayi wanda da damar kara yawan amfanin ƙasa na ƙãre samfurin. A yanayi, inda shiri na ammonia qara matsa lamba ga 350 atmospheres, da kuma yawan zafin jiki yakan zuwa 500 digiri Celsius. A karkashin wadannan yanayi, yawan amfanin ƙasa na ammonia - game da 30%. Gas cire daga dauki zone via sanyaya hanya, da kuma nitrogen da hydrogen, wanda ba ya mayar da martani an koma ga kira shafi da kuma iya sake shiga a cikin halayen. A lokacin kira yana da muhimmanci sosai don wanke gas cakuda daga mai kara kuzari poisons, abubuwa m soke mataki catalysts. Irin wannan kayan su ruwa tururi, CO, As, P, Se, O2, S.

Kamar yadda mai kara kuzari a wata nitrogen da hydrogen kira halayen hidima porous baƙin ƙarfe gami da aluminum da potassium oxides. Kawai abu na duk dubu 20 a baya kokarin, cinma ma'auni dauki. Wannan ka'ida da samun ammonia ne mafi tattali.

Shiri na ammonia a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje dogara ne a kan kawar da fasahar shi daga ammonium salts da karfi alkalis. Schematically, da dauki kamar haka:

2NH4CI + Ca (OH) 2 = 2NH3 ↑ + CaCl2 + 2H2O

ko

NH4Cl + NaOH = NH3 ↑ + NaCl + H2O

Don cire wuce haddi danshi da kuma bushe ammonia, an wuce ta hanyar cakuda sodium hydroxide da lemun tsami. Shiri na bushe sosai ammonia aka samu da rushe sodium karfe a cikinta, kuma m barasan daga cikin cakuda. A mafi yawan lokuta irin halayen suna da za'ayi a cikin rufaffiyar tsarin karkashin injin karfe. Haka kuma, irin wannan tsarin dole ne tsayayya da babban matsin wanda aka samu tsayawar fita da ammonia vapors zuwa 10 atmospheres a dakin da zazzabi.