Pavlovskaya gyara daga 1991: Yanã, sakamakon

Mutane da yawa tuna abin da shekara Pavlovian garambawul kai ga karshe impoverishment na Soviet mutane. An yawanci ake kira da sunan farko kuma, a gaskiya, na karshe Firayim Ministan na Tarayyar Soviet. Bari mu bincika abin da ya ƙunshi kara a Pavlovian gyara daga 1991: Yanã, saukarwa, sakamakon sake fasalin.

A halin da ake ciki a kasar

Da farko a shekara ta 1991 kome kyau zuwa fada baya Tarayyar Soviet sun ba da ãyõyinMu. A kan karkata daga cikin kasar mafi m Inter-kabilanci kabilanci a cikin Stores wani duniya karancin mutane sahu a dogon queues. Tattalin arziki Gorbachev ya zo kome gubar, da sake fasalin kudin bai dauki wuri. The gwamnatin kokarin matsawa daga wani shirin kaiwa zuwa kasuwar tsarin tattalin arziki. Duk da haka, institutionally jihar shi ba a shirye domin wannan - a kasar rasa zama dole mutane da kuma hukumomi. Mafi yawan daga cikin yawan iya ba samar da wani isasshen adadin abinci da kuma masana'antu kaya. Mutane saba wa komai shelves. The kawai ci gaba, a lokacin - barga biyan wani suna fadin albashi. Lalle ne, haƙĩƙa, gwamnatin gane cewa idan ka fara zuwa hana da kuma aiki halin kaka, shi zai haifar da zanga-zangar. Kuma wannan gwamnatin ba zai iya yiwu ba da damar. Mutane halin yanzu ba ya bukatar wani babban adadin dũkiya. A jama'ar na Tarayyar Soviet amfani da hane-hane, karanci, kadaici. Kowa ya zauna daga ranar biya zuwa ranar biya, kuma sunã nẽman ta samar da su da iyalansu a cikin na farko wuri kayayyakin a karo na biyu - gidaje. A cewar Farfesa. Volchik yanayi wanzu haddi kudi wadata aka sharadi accruing dysfunctional cibiyoyin shirya yanayin of management. Saba da m canji halakar da Karkasa tsarin, amma shi ba da taimako zuwa ga samuwar kasuwar kullum sunadaran da kuma cibiyoyin Amirka.

Me Pavlovian gyara fara a 1991?

Kudi a kasar, akwai mutane da yawa. Duk da haka, a cikin halin yanzu rikicin yanayi, suna kullum devalued da kuma juya a cikin wani m sharar gida takarda. The hukuma dalilin da aka kira da yaki da jabun banknotes, "an jefa daga kasashen waje." Bugu da kari, gwamnatin yanke shawarar janye unearned albashi. Irin wannan wata sanarwa da dalilai da aka mafi saba wa Soviet akida. Unofficially, ya bayyana a fili cewa key haƙiƙa - da kawar da banknotes, buga a cikin marigayi 80s. yin sotsgaranty tara a yawan jama'a da kuma kara habaka da karancin mabukaci kayayyakin.

Oganeza canje-canje

sake fasalin zama marubucin Valentin Pavlov, 53-shekara "wani mai goyon bayan tsarin jari-hujja a jihar", da Ministan kudi. Tun shekarar 1986, ya umurci jihar kwamitin Tarayyar Soviet a kan farashin. Haka kuma, ya san ba akida, amma real halin da ake ciki. Pavlov ya dade da aka neman hanyoyi daban-daban don tsabar kudi karbo daga jama'a, unsecured kaya. Mamaye a ministoci post a watan Yuli 1989, ya aka kullum tunanin game da ra'ayin canji. Bisa ga shirin, da gyare-gyare a hada ba kawai kau da wuce haddi da kudi, amma kuma taimako zuwa ga karuwa na farashin, shan la'akari da kudin da ayyuka da kuma dukiya.

canjãwa zažužžukan

Pavlovskaya kudin gyara a shekarar 1991 ya nuna 'yan Concepts. Daga gare su akwai wanda ya rigaya an yi amfani da wasu ƙasashe. Aka ɓullo da fairly paradoxical ra'ayi. Alal misali, kamar yadda daya zabin shi ne gabatarwar "layi daya kudi" wadannan da misali na zinariya guda na 20-ies., Amma a ba tsabar kudi wurare dabam dabam. Wani ra'ayi zaci wani confiscatory sakewa ba tare da canza tsofaffin banknotes da kuma bashi tsari inji na watsi. Irin canje da aka za'ayi a shekara ta 1948, a cikin Jamus Chancellor Adenauer. A sakamakon da aka kusan shafe ta da "black market." Akwai wani, mai sassaucin ra'ayi, wadda zai iya tafiya a kan Pavlovian garambawul na 1991. Money, diyya ga wanda aka zaci a cikin tsarin na mai tsananin ajali adadin, musamman da aka ba a cikin mutane. Duk da haka, management kwakwalwa wani canji na kasa kudin tare da canji na sikelin. A wannan yanayin, da wata barã'aa to tanadi a wuce haddi na mai tsananin tsare adadin. Ministan nace a kan speedy hali na sake fasalin cewa kudi ba a kan ajiya, da kuma "a kwai capsules", ko mutane ba su da lokacin da za a, ko sun ba su iya wuce gaba daya. A ma'aikatar kudi da wani shakka cewa mafiya yawa daga cikin jama'ar na scanty albashi ajiye kõme ba, kuma ci gaba kawai "m mutane" ne a manyan ƙungiyõyi gida kwai.

hamzari canje

Pavlovskaya garambawul na shekarar 1991 da aka amince da Gorbachev. A saboda wannan dalili ya zama dole ya baratar. Pavlov amfani da wani dogon-sani Hanyar. A lokacin rani na shekara ta 1990, ya yi ga sunan Gorbachev da kuma Ryzhkov m rubutu. A da shi da ministan ya bayyana bukatar musanya kawai 50 da kuma 100-ruble bayanin kula a 1961. da cewa su ne babbar girma fitar dashi waje. Ryzhkov, kasancewa a lokacin da shugaban kwamitin ministoci ya nema tabbaci na kwastan hukumomi. Akwai ruwaito cewa iyakar ne yawanci haye goma-takardar kudi maimakon daruruwan. Tattaunawa ya fara, wanda ke haifar da Ryzhkov aka sallame. Gorbachev, da aka hanzari rasa shahararsa a tsakanin talakawa, da ake bukata wani mutum wanda zai dauki alhakin matakai na gaba. Pavlov ne daidai dace domin wannan rawa. 14 Janairu, 1991 ya takarar da aka amince domin post na firaminista.

manual majalisar

Pavlov ya fara aiki a matsayin firaministan kasar tare da misinformation. Tare da babban Tribune, ya tabbatar da cewa babu wani shiri domin nan gaba da sake fasalin ba za'ayi. Ya ce cewa kudi canji - kawai wani ɓangare na da cikakken kewayon ayyuka da cewa mayar da hankali a kan tattalin arziki maida. Ware rike kudi garambawul ba tare da magance wasu matsaloli ba shi da ma'ana, domin shi ba ya haifar da wani sakamako. Bugu da kari, da firayin ministan kasar ya bayyana cewa, canji na tattalin arzikin za su kudin biliyan 5 rubles. Kuma ya yi ishãra zuwa karshen jawabin nasa da cewa wanzu a wannan lokaci a cikin ikon samar da banknotes zai ba da damar tara da ake so adadin sabon banknotes cikin shekaru uku.

Da tashin hankali a cikin mutane

Soviet jama'a, ya dade da aka saba zuwa akida thrusts management suna talauci gane jigon da kasuwar tattalin arziki, duk da haka ji wani datti zamba a kan wani ɓangare na jam'iyyar. Na farko mutum a kasar ya tsaya ta amfani da wani abin amincewa. Bayani game da mai zuwa garambawul seeped ta hanyar abokai, don haka wasu 'yan ƙasa da su canja su "daruruwan" da "azurfa da tsabar kudi" a gaba. A kan Hauwa'u na da sanarwa na musayar na yawan ya na da lokacin da za a "canji" a tsabar kudi a cikin jirgin kasa tashoshin da jirgin karkashin kasa, shagunan, taxi direbobi. Duk da haka, wadannan "sa'a" sun zama ɗaya. Duk da ake zargi na garambawul, amma babu wanda ya san lokacin da ko yadda za a gudanar. Future canje-canje tattauna a ko'ina: a kai, jami'o'i, gonaki, a masana'antu, a cikin sojojin. Mafi yawa daga cikin al'ummar zo daga gefe daya zuwa karshen cewa, "a ajiye, a gaskiya, kome", da kuma a kan sauran - "cheated ta wata hanya."

Pavlovskaya garambawul kudi: tafi "mataki"

Janairu 22, Gorbachev hannu doka, bisa ga abin da janye daga wurare dabam dabam 50 da 100-ruble bayanin kula a 1961. da kuma musayar for sabon bayanin kula karami. Daga wannan lokacin ne ya fara Pavlovian garambawul na 1991. Kudi a cikin yawan da aka kasa da sa ran. Exchange na tsabar kudi a cikin adadin har zuwa 1 dubu. Rub. Ya ƙãga halittarku kawai kwanaki uku - daga 23 zuwa 25 Janairu (Laraba zuwa Jumma'a). A wannan yanayin, withdrawals da aka iyakance zuwa 500 rubles a Sberbank. A musayar aka warware kafin karshen watan Maris, amma a musamman kwamitocin. Sun dauke kowane hali na rasa da wa'adin dabam. A lokaci guda 'yan kasa bukatar da za a gaya inda ya samu da adadin fiye da 1 da dubu. The shugaban umurnin karanta fita a 9 am, a lokacin da kusan dukkan kungiyoyin ba aiki. A mafi hankali jama'a a cikin wani tsoro fara ajiye su kudi. Wani garzaya translation, wani ya sayi kamar wata tikiti na jirgin sama ko jirgin kasa a kan daban-daban flights, to baya wuce su. Duk da haka, duk da wannan lokaci don yin naúrar kawai.

musayar tsari

Pavlovskaya garambawul Ya halitta babbar Lines riga a kan safe na 23 Janairu. A ofisoshin Sberbank sun "wakilai" na aiki collectives, wanda ya canja dukan lissafin brigades. Lissafin lokuttan shiriya a kan weekdays partially barata. Mutane da yawa kawai ba su da lokacin da za a samu daga wajen samar da bankuna. Duk da haka, a wasu wurare, da gida gwamnati ya sadu da mutane. Exchange ofisoshin da aka bude a samar, post ofisoshin. A Lines kansu da rikice-rikice, wani zama da rashin lafiya. A sakamakon haka, da Pavlovian kudin gyara a yarda da su janye daga wani yawan game da biliyan 14 rubles. Da shirya, ba shakka, da nufin su kama fiye da 51,5 biliyan na biliyan 133 (game da 39%). Pavlovskaya gyara, a Bugu da kari, a hada da daskarewa da banki tanadi. Tare da wadannan kudi da za a kasaftawa 40% annum. Duk da haka, don samun su zama ba a baya fiye da na gaba shekara.

sakamakon

Pavlovskaya garambawul cin zarafi ba rage kasa samun kudin shiga. A kwatanta da shekarar 1990 ta ragu da 20%. A lokaci guda muhimmanci ƙãra da kasafin kudin gaira. A cewar daban-daban kimomi, a shekarar 1991 shi amounted zuwa 20-30% na GDP. Lokacin da Pavlovian garambawul da aka kammala, shi ya shirya da zargin da kasashen waje bankuna, zargin da su na hadewa da ayyukan da nufin karya da wurare dabam dabam na tsabar kudi a cikin Tarayyar Soviet. A cikin mataki na biyu na gyara, ba tare da wani kafin sanarwa a kan Afrilu 2 a kasar skyrocketed farashin kayayyakin mabukaci duk da cewa shekaru da dama, da suka zauna a barga matakin. Duk wannan ya haddasa mai cikakkar asarar wani tabbaci a jagorancin jam'iyyar. The yawan dauke da kansu sata sau biyu.

ƙarshe

Kamar yadda sakamakon ra'ayin jama'a ya nuna Pavlovian garambawul ya zama daya daga cikin key dalilai don da gazawar da juyin mulki. Ya aka sani da aka dauka daga Conservative gwamnati da kuma Soviet Politburo a 1991. Abin lura shi ne cewa, daga cikin mambobi na gaggawa na kwamitin halarci da kuma kawo canji Valentin Pavlov. Daga baya, ya ce cewa a lokacin 'yan mutane suka fahimci da kuma imani da cewa shiga ba wani akida batun. A marigayi Janairu, 91-th al'ummar ta ke ba kawai gafarta da samarwar banknotes, amma kuma tare da wani bangare na baya. Mutanen da suke rayuwa a cikin Vladikavkaz, suka halarta wadannan abubuwan, kuma yanzu sau da yawa tuna a matsayin Janairu 26, kwana guda bayan da janar tashin hankali, a cikin ginin da State Bank bayyana ado mai kyau mutum da wani akwati. Ya bude shi da kuma zuba wani tari na snow a kan 50-ruble banknotes da kuma sa wuta a kansu. Daga cikin ra'ayi na wayewar, bisa Volchik, wannan nau'i na garambawul shi ne kaucewa unacceptable. Duk da haka, idan muka kimanta halin da ake ciki kamar yadda ya yi baya management, da sauran hanyar da na kudi da sake fasalin da aka ba sauki. Kusan duk na daban-daban da sake fasalin na Tarayyar Soviet confiscatory. Kuma da "mataki" na farkon 90 ta kasance ba togiya.