Nau'in na Organic abubuwa isomerism

Isomerism - a wajen muhimmanci halayyar da sunadarai, saboda tsarin da kuma fuskantarwa da kwayoyin dogara a kan ta Properties. Iri isomers kazalika da yanayin tsarin da abubuwa da ake rayayye karatu a wannan rana.

Isomers da isomerization: abin da yake da shi?

Kafin akai la'akari da main iri isomerism, shi wajibi ne don gano abin da ajalin nufi. An dauke da cewa isomerism ne sabon abu cewa lokacin da sinadaran fili (ko isomers) daban-daban tsarin da kuma shiri na kwayoyin halitta, amma duk da haka ne halin da guda abun da ke ciki da kuma kwayoyin nauyi.

A gaskiya ma, cikin lokaci "isomerization" ya bayyana a cikin kimiyya da ba haka ba da dadewa. Tun shekaru da yawa, sai aka fahimci cewa wasu daga cikin abubuwa da wannan sigogi na kwayoyin nauyi da kuma guda sa na kwayoyin halitta ya bambanta a dũkiyõyinsu.

A matsayin misali, innabi da tartaric acid. Bugu da kari, a farkon karni na sha tara tsakanin masana kimiyya J. von Liebig da Friedrich Wohler tattaunawa biyo baya. A yawa gwaje-gwajen, shi aka ƙaddara cewa akwai nau'i biyu daga abu da AgCNO dabara - detonating tsianovokisloe da azurfa, wanda, duk da wannan abun da ke ciki, da daban-daban Properties. Tuni a 1830, manufar da aka gabatar a cikin isomerization na kimiyya.

A nan gaba, godiya ga aikin A. Butlerov kuma J. van't Hoff ya bayyana sabon abu na sarari da kuma tsarin isomers.

Isomerization - wani takamaiman dauki, a lokacin da akwai da canji na tsarin isomers na juna. Kamar yadda wani misali ba za mu iya yi da batun jerin alkanes. Tsarin iri isomerism na alkanes damar wasu abubuwa su sake fasalin cikin isoalkanes. Kamar wancan ne, qara a cikin masana'antu Octane man fetur. Yana da daraja ambata cewa irin kaddarorin ne na bayar da muhimmanci ga ci gaba da masana'antu.

Iri isomerism za a iya raba biyu manyan kungiyoyin.

Tsarin isomers da bambance-bambancen karatu

A tsarin isomerism - wani sabon abu a cikin abin da isomers bambanta a cikin sinadaran tsarin. Akwai sun gano wani adadin wasu iri

1. Isomerism na carbon kwarangwal. Irin wannan siffar shi ne hankula ga carbon da ake dangantawa da wata daban-daban domin na shaidu tsakanin carbon atoms.

2. Isomers a kan Status na aikin kungiyar. Wannan sabon abu ne saboda da daban-daban matsayi na aikin kungiyar ko kungiyoyin a cikin kwayoyin. A matsayin misali, 4-da-2 hlorbutanovuyu hlorbutanovuyu acid.

3. Isomers mahara shaidu. Af, a nan sun hada da mafi kowa iri isomerism na alkenes. A isomers bambanta a matsayin unsaturated bond.

4. Isomerism na aikin kungiyar. A wannan yanayin, jimlar na abu wanda aka kiyaye shi, amma da kaddarorin da kuma yanayin mafi aikin kungiyoyin canza. A matsayin misali, dimethyl ether , kuma ethanol.

Sarari iri isomerism

Stereoisomers (sarari) hade da daban-daban da wasu rubuce na kwayoyin na wannan tsarin.

1. The Tantancewar isomers (enantiomers). Wannan nau'i ne da alaka da juyawa daga cikin aikin kungiyoyin kusa da asymmetric sadarwa. A mafi yawan lokuta da abu yana da wani asymmetric carbon zarra wanda aka bonded zuwa hudu substituents. Saboda haka, a juyawa daga cikin jirgin sama na rabuwa da haske. Wannan samar da ake kira madubi antipodes da isomers. Sha'awa, da karshen ne halin da ma guda Properties.

2. diastereomers. Wannan kalma tana nufin wani sarari isomerism, a sakamakon wanda da abubuwa ba su kafa antipodes.

Shi ne ya kamata a lura cewa gaban yiwu isomers ne da farko saboda da yawan carbon shaidu. A daina da carbon kwarangwal, da girma da yawan isomers za a iya kafa.