Masu launin, mai daraja karafa da kuma ferrous jinsunan da su faye hali

Metals - wani babban rukuni na sauki abubuwa da halayyar fasali kamar high thermal da lantarki watsin, tabbatacce zafin jiki coefficient da wani. Don yadda ya kamata rarraba da kuma fahimtar abin da ke abin, kana bukatar ka fahimci duk nuances. Bari mu yi kokarin la'akari tare da ku da wadannan main iri karafa kamar ferrous, wadanda ba ferrous, da daraja, da gami. Yana da quite m da hadaddun batu, amma za mu yi kokarin warware shi.

Abin da kowa ya kamata ka sani?

Kafin karafa classified a kungiyoyin, shi wajibi ne don magance babban fasali. Don kawo primary korau da wutar lantarki na madugu coefficient. Wannan ya nuna cewa da ragewa zazzabi, da watsin ƙaruwa, da kuma wasu conductors ne superconductors. A daidai wannan lokaci, wani karuwa a yawan zafin jiki take kaiwa zuwa m ko cikakken asarar bandwidth. A sakandare halaye dole hada da wani ƙarfe luster da kuma wani babban narkewa batu. Bugu da kari, wasu karafa form mahadi aiki a matsayin mai rage wakili a redox halayen. Lura cewa kusan ba faruwa a yanayi m karafa, don haka manta game da tama Nuggets da ma ba su da bukatar.

Game da ferrous karafa

Wannan kungiyar hada da baƙin ƙarfe, da ta gami (da baƙin ƙarfe, ferroalloys). A gaskiya ma, ferrous karafa - wani gami da na baƙin ƙarfe tare da carbon, amma baya daga cewa a cikin abun da ke ciki akwai kuma wasu sinadaran abubuwa, kamar sulfur, phosphorus, silicon, da dai sauransu Idan ya zama dole to ba wani gami da takamaiman Properties ake bukata domin takamaiman dalilai, an kara wa dopants a. kamar yadda mafi akai-akai abubuwa jan karfe, chromium ko nickel. Rarraba duk iri ferrous karafa a kan carbon ciki. Saboda haka, akwai da wadannan gami:

• Iron - da adadin carbon jeri daga 2 zuwa 4.3%, a wasu lokuta ya kai wani m matakin na 5%. Daban-daban sinadaran abubuwa kai tsaye shafi da kaddarorin da samfurin. Saboda haka, sulfur da phosphorus kara friability da chromium, da baƙin ƙarfe nickel Additives sa mafi zafi resistant da kuma resistant zuwa lalata.
• Karfe - carbon abun ciki na 2%. Ya bambanta daga baƙin ƙarfe high plasticity kuma high aiki yi (sauki don tsari).

Properties na baƙin ƙarfe ne da karfe a daki-daki

A halin yanzu, akwai da dama iri iri na Cast baƙin ƙarfe, wanda ake amfani da a rayuwar yau da kullum, kazalika da masana'antu: Fitar (toka-toka) da kuma alade (fari). A karshen bambanta daga na farko da irin a cewa carbon aka daure a cikin nau'i na siminti a farko idan - a free jihar a cikin nau'i na graphite. Ragewan da ƙarfin wannan abu ne saboda gaskiyar cewa graphite farantin karya ƙarfe tsarin, game da shi, yanã raunanar da shi. Akwai modified jefa baƙin ƙarfe. Its peculiarity ne cewa graphite ne a siffar zobe siffar, wanda inganta inji Properties daga cikin samfurin.

Ka yiwuwa riga gane cewa zama mafi m, wanda shi ne saboda ba sosai carbon a cikin abun da ke ciki. Saboda haka, tsarin steels dauke 0.02 zuwa 0,85% carbon, da kuma amfani da shiri. Su Babban amfani ne mai kyau ductility. Low mataki na brittleness. Akwai kayan aikin a cikin abin da carbon abun ciki na 'yan more - daga 0,65 zuwa 1.4%, saboda haka, shi ne mafi m gami, amma m. Ana amfani da a matsayin sunan ya ɗauka, a matsayin wani samfuri ga halittar kayan aikin (sabon, sawing inji aiki jikin da majalisai). A nan mun yi nazari a kan irin ferrous karafa, don haka bari mu matsa a kan.

daraja karafa

Wannan kungiyar hada chemically barga, ba oxidize a iska da kuma ruwa gami. Ya kamata a lura da cewa adadin irin karafa a duniya shi ne gwada da kananan, da kuma hakar da kuma aiki na wani musamman wuya da kuma laborious. Idan bil'adama san dogon da suka wuce duk da 7 kungiyoyin, a yau akwai da dama more. Saboda haka, mafi yawan sanannun iri daraja karafa. Gold, da azurfa, platinum, osmium, Rhodium, palladium, iridium, da dai sauransu Dukan su suna samu a cikin yanayi. Akwai kuma abin da ake kira isotopes. Su ake samar a dakunan gwaje-gwaje da hadaddun sunadarai halayen. A mafi tsada karfe irin - californium-252 kudin 500 dala dubu gram. Mafi mashahuri kuma da dangantaka osmium-187 samar a cikin zamani dakunan gwaje-gwaje.

Game da azurfa, da zinariya

Tun bayan Stone Age mutane suke saba da karfe kamar zinariya. Yana da hadari a ce wannan shi ne mafi muhimmanci daraja karfe a duniya. A yanayi, mafi sau da yawa shi ya auku a matsayin Nuggets da kananan adadin impurities ko gami da azurfa. The kwarai halaye na thermal watsin da aka dangana, da kuma wani sosai low juriya. Hakika, ya kamata a lura malleability na zinariya, wanda shi ne dalilin da ya sa shi ne mai matukar rare abu ga kayan ado. An ban sha'awa, gaskiya ne: most zinariya nugget da aka samu a Australia. Yana auna game da 90 kilo.

Idan muka yi la'akari da main iri daraja karafa, ba za a iya ce game da azurfa. A yanayi, wannan abu da aka samu a cikin 'yan qasar form (azurfa tama). Amma shi ne ya kamata a lura da cewa babban samarwa ne da za'ayi daga hadaddun ores inda azurfa ne in mun gwada kadan, amma adibas na wannan ma'adanai ne fiye da na kowa. Yana da matukar taushi da kuma ductile karfe, wanda yana da kyau kwarai da lantarki da kuma thermal watsin.

Rhodium da platinum

Rhodium - wani karfe da cewa ba da da kansa ma'adanai, don haka shi ne daya daga cikin mafi tsada. Per gram zai biya fiye da 220 daloli. Wannan daraja karfe ne azurfa canza launin tare da bluish tint. An halin da juriya ga sinadaran da kuma thermal tsoma, amma shi ne musamman m zuwa inji lalacewar saboda da fragility. Saboda shi ne quite tsada, shi da ake amfani kawai inda ba shi yiwuwa a karba wani analog.

Idan muka yi la'akari da iri da kuma irin karafa, ba za mu iya ce game da platinum, ya gano a cikin shekara ta 1952, ta Swedish sunadarai. Wannan abu ne quite rare da kawai ya auku a cikin yanayi a hade tare da sauran karfe gami. hakar tsari ne musamman lokaci-cinyewa da bukatar manyan zuba jari, amma yana da daraja da shi, saboda platinum ba aiki wani daya da aka sani zuwa kwanan acid. Lokacin da mai tsanani, shi ba ya canja launi da ba oxidize.

Iri ba ferrous karafa

Wannan kungiya ne mafi mashahuri, tun da mafi yawan abu ne albarkatun kasa domin samar da karfe. Idan muka magana game da ikon yinsa, daga aikace-aikace, shi ne quite m, shi ne: .. Mechanical aikin injiniya, metallurgy, Electronics, high fasahar, da dai sauransu. A cikin sharuddan jiki Properties ne da wadannan iri ba ferrous karafa:

• nauyi (gubar, tutiya, da kuza, nickel, da dai sauransu).
• hur (aluminum, titanium, magnesium, da dai sauransu).

A cewar wannan rarrabuwa, akwai haske karafa da kuma nauyi karafa. Shi ne ba wani asirin da cewa za a iya sanya gaba ɗaya na wani kayan aiki a cikin wannan kungiya. Lura cewa launi zuwa sun hada da duk iri na karfe gami, ban da baƙin ƙarfe. Kuma yanzu bari mu matsa a kan.

The main iri nauyi karafa

Yau, akwai game da 40 ma'anar wannan rukuni na kayan. Daga cikin rarrabe siffofin - m atomic nauyi, yawanci fiye da 50. Daga wannan za mu iya kammala da cewa, jerin kamata hada duk da cewa ya zo bayan da vanadium (ko da yawa). Amma idan muka yi amfani da daban-daban definition, da kayyade siga iya zama yawa wanda ya zama fiye da abin da na baƙin ƙarfe (8 g / cm ^3). A wannan yanayin, jerin zai hada da: gubar, Mercury, jan, da kuza, da kuma a nan zai kasance bayan jadawalin. Yau da shi ne musamman m matsalar gurbacewar muhalli da kungiyar. Wannan shi ne saboda da yawa karafa an yi amfani da manyan masana'antu da kuma fada a cikin teku tare da ruwa mai guba. Babban matsalar - wannan shi ne babban yawan guba na Mercury, gubar, cadmium. Bugu da kari, wasu iri nauyi karafa suna da siffa da tara a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta. Saboda haka, saboda Mercury guba , a 1977, akwai fiye da 2,300 suka jikkata.

Mercury, gubar da cadmium

Wannan shi ne mai hatsari ba ferrous karafa, da alaka mai tsanani. Su ne babbar pollutants da muhalli. Mercury - sosai guba karfe da mutane, a cikin teku ya wuce ta yanayi da kuma tare da ruwa mai guba. Lokacin da ikon shuke-shuke ƙona kwal, da Mercury mahadi cikin yanayi, sa'an nan kuma ya fada cikin teku a cikin nau'i na hazo. Bugu da kari, da yawa ruwa tare da marine dabbobi tara a jikin su da wani gagarumin adadin Mercury, wanda fiye da sau daya kai ga mutum guba, har ma da mutuwa.

Cadmium - warwatse da kuma wani rare abu da cewa da dama a cikin teku tare da najasa metallurgical da tama-miya shuke-shuke. Ya kamata a lura cewa cadmium ne ba a jikin mutum ba, amma shi ne kadan. A kullum guba karya kasũsuwa, ashe, da kuma anemia fara. Kamar yadda gaisuwa kai, da karfe a cikin tarwatsa jihar ne kusan a ko'ina. Wadannan iri karafa, photos na wanda muka nakalto a sama, cire daga jiki, amma sannu a hankali, don haka suna da wani wuce kima adadin sa tsanani kiwon lafiya matsaloli. Tare da nahiyar ƙura a cikin teku tare da yanayi hazo faduwa daga game da 25 dubu ton na gubar.

bayanin kula

Kamar yadda ka gani, akwai wani iri-iri iri da kuma kaddarorin karafa. Wani abu ne ba m, kuma a kowace rana mu sa wani azurfa giciye kuma zoben zinariya a hannunsa. Rediyoaktif abubuwa iya kashe mutum, don haka muhalli a duk faɗin duniya na kokarin magance matsalar a sashi saki m karafa a cikin teku da kuma sararin sama. Hakika, yana da wuya a warware irin wannan matsaloli, musamman Ganin cewa a mafi 'yan kasuwa ba su je zuwa lambar sadarwa. Duk da haka, ya kamata mu manta da cewa ba tare da conductors, wanda ya kunshi wannan karfe, suna m wayoyi zane-zane, da kuma ba tare da baƙin ƙarfe ba zai zama motoci da sauran saba abubuwa a gare mu.

Mu da aka ba ta shafa da ake kira kungiyar na rediyoaktif karafa na lokaci-lokaci tebur. Wadannan sun hada da technetium, polonium, promethium, da dai sauransu Babban manufar - don amfani a nukiliya reactors da makamai, abin da ya sa su kawo hadari sosai ..

ƙarshe

Za ka iya lura cewa, akwai da dama daga daban na karafa. A yanayi, mafi yawansu ba su ne ba a cikin nau'i na ores da kuma siffofin daban-daban sulfides, carbonates da sauran sinadaran mahadi. Domin samun m karafa da su kara aikace-aikace amfani zamani fasaha magani da kuma line concentrators. lalle zã ka kasance ban sha'awa mu san cewa jikin mutum kuma ya ƙunshi karamin adadin karfe mahadi - game da 3%. Saboda haka, a cikin kasusuwa da muke da alli, da baƙin ƙarfe, a cikin jini, tsokoki kullum accumulates magnesium, da kuma jan a cikin hanta akwai.

To, cewa, bisa manufa, duk da cewa za a iya ce game da abin da su ne daban-daban na karfe gami. Duk da cewa shi ne quite wani hadadden topic, shi yana iya zama abin sha'awa ga mãsu m na metallurgy.