Cargo jirgi da su rarrabuwa

Duk wani rarrabuwa na cikin gida da kotuna dogara ne da farko a kan su dalili. Cargo jirãge ake classified a cikin wannan. Fararen hula suna zuwa kashi kasuwanci, sufuri na ga jiragen ruwa da kuma fasaha sabis da goyan baya.

kai

Wadannan kaya tasoshin ne babban cibiya na kogin da tẽku jiragen ruwa. Suna tsara don gudanar da wani iri-iri na cargoes. Wannan kungiyar na da ciki rarrabuwa: kaya jiragen ruwa, da jiragen daukar kaya da kuma na musamman. A gaskiya, akwai kaya motocin dakon da bushe kaya, da kuma wadannan sun hada da wani iri-iri na kotu alƙawura da kuma iri.

Details za a yi la'akari da kowane daga cikin wadannan iri, ciki har da girma dako, janar manufa da kuma na musamman ga dauke tsananin ayyana lodi. Tsara don janar kaya tasoshin kai - Janar nufi. Sun kasance a cikin mafi yawan na kowa da irin.

Dry kaya tasoshin

Dry girma kaya tasoshin - shi jiragen ruwa da dukkan su mamaye babban bangare fili riko. Sun zo a cikin guda, biyu kuma trohpalubnymi, dangane da girman da jirgin ruwa. A engine dakin yawanci koda halin kaka dizal engine shuka, shi ne located ko dai a cikin abinci, ko canja kusa da hanci kamar wata kaya riko. Ga kowane rike kaya jiragen ruwa da ayyukan hada da kansa ƙyanƙyashe, ko daya, rufe mechanically.

Cargo jamiái hada taps ko mutum kibiyoyi da damar zuwa goma ton, da kuma nauyi jiragen ruwa suna sanye take da mafi m - har zuwa ɗari biyu tons. Modern marine kaya tasoshin sun firiji riko ga hãjar da kuma zurfin tankuna ga ruwa abinci mai. Amma da kogin bushe kaya tasoshin, ko da kuwa size da kuma iya aiki tare da an bayar da daya kawai kaya riƙe, wanda ya fi sauki a gudanar da wani loading da Ana saukewa ayyukan.

musamman kotun

Irin girma dako za a iya raba kungiyoyin a kan firiji, trailer, ganga jirãge, katako, daga jirgi domin kai motoci, girma kaya, da shanu, da misãlinsa. Firiji kai lalacewa abinci - 'ya'yan itatuwa, kifi ko nama. A kaya riqe - m rufi, refrigeration raka'a, samar da ci gaba da sanyaya a zazzabi na biyar digiri debe ashirin da biyar. Modern refrigerators iya ba kawai kula da yawan zafin jiki, amma kuma ya sa m daskarewa, suka koma zuwa ga samar da sufuri firiji. Dry kaya jirgi shari 'ya'yan, an bayar da waye, samun iska daga duk riko.

Fasaha halaye na kaya tasoshin bayarwa dagawa iya aiki har zuwa dubu goma sha biyu ton, gudun irin wannan girma dako fi general-manufa tasoshi, kamar yadda lalacewa abinci da kuma na iya bukatar m bayarwa. Container manyan motoci safarar da gaba kunsasshen kaya a cikin kwantena yin la'akari daga goma zuwa ashirin ton kowane, da kuma jirgin ruwa kanta kiwata dubu ashirin ton da kuma motsa a gudu of har zuwa talatin kullin. Kwantena sauri da kuma sauƙi ɗora Kwatancen da kuma unloaded saboda gaskiyar cewa ganga bene da aka saba da fadi watsuwar riko. Mafi sau da yawa, da loading da Ana saukewa wurare ne m - gantry cranes. Katako - wani irin akwati, wannan baji-kira m, suna sallame su daga jirgin ruwa kai tsaye a cikin ruwa da kuma towed zuwa kwata.

Trailers

Jirgin ruwa na da irin wannan to kwanan wata da duk Maritime iko, kamar yadda wannan sana'a iko, da sauri, kuma ba ka damar da sauri yi loading da Ana saukewa - game da goma sau sauri fiye da a kan kayayyakin da suka ba sanye take da musamman Trailers, wanda lodi kawai shigo da fitarwa daga jirgin. Bunkasa masana'antu ya da yawa kumbura, kuma Ya ƙarfafã cinikayya tsakanin kasashe, shi ne a yanzu dole su safarar a tsawon nisa yi kayan aiki, aikin gona, harkokin sufuri. Teku, da kuma kogin kaya jiragen ruwa ba za a iya mafi yi irin wannan ayyuka.

Trailers dauke da kaya a Trailers, wadda ake kawai birgima a cikin riko. Capacity Trailer - daga dubu zuwa dubu goma ton, da kuma gudun - har zuwa ashirin da shida kullin. Wannan shi ne mafi alamar rahama, kuma yanã gudãna a yau irin kaya jirgin. Suna kullum inganta. Mutane da yawa Trailers a Bugu da kari ga kaya a cikin Cibiyar tana an saba da safarar kwantena a kan babba bene. Irin wannan tasoshin ko samu da sunan da - a piggyback.

bulkers

Bulk kaya kai musamman tasoshin - girma dako. Wannan na iya zama ores kuma tama fi mai da hankali, ci, gargajiya, kayan gini, hatsi da kuma kama. Fiye da saba'in cikin dari na duk kayan da hawa da bushe kaya sa shi cikin teku, ko kogi hanyoyi girma, sabili da haka da yawan motocin da aka girma cikin sauri: a yau, fiye da ashirin bisa dari na tonnage na duniya rundunar nasa ne irin wannan.

Bulk dako ya kasu kashi duniya, don nauyi da kuma ga haske. Mutane da yawa tasoshin an maida shi musamman domin dual manufar: to - tama da baya - man ko motoci, ko auduga, duk abin da. Wannan irin - kotu jiki guda tare da superstructure da engine dakin a cikin tsananin. Capacity su kawai babbar - har zuwa ɗaya da ɗari da dubu hamsin da ton, amma gudun ne low - har zuwa goma sha shida nodes. Kayan da ake hawa a cikin riko da gangaren ganuwar for selfdistributed kaya - da kuma lengthwise da kuma crosswise. Tsakanin flange da tank ganuwar shirya ballast ruwa. Wani lokaci a tsaye bulkheads a Cibiyar tana ake yi don rage yi, idan kaya canja, da kuma na biyu bene da aka tsara tare da reinforcements da thickened dabe for sauki loading ayyukan.

motocin dakon

Wannan irin kotu kasu kashi motocin dakon man fetur na kayayyakin, da danyen mai, man mai, da man dizal, fetur, kananzir. a kan LNG. tasoshin dauke da sunadarai - zubi sulfur, acid, da kuma kamar; Sufuri na ruwa kaya - ruwa, ruwan inabi, sumunti. Motocin dakon ne ya fi kowa a duniya: fiye da arba'in bisa dari na duniya m rundunar tonnage. Wannan guda-bene jirgin ruwa, superstructure da engine dakin located aft.

Load sashe da aka raba ta bulkheads cikin compartments, kira tankuna. Wasu daga cikin su da hidima a matsayin ballast ruwa a kan samu tafiya. A kan hanci famfo dakin da aka located. motocin dakon ne musamman wuta Hazard, don haka sanye take da iko wuta kariya tsarin. Load damar dubu ton a rabawa zuwa ɗari huɗu da dubu ton a supertankers - duniya most jiragen ruwa. River motocin dakon dauke da iya aiki ne ma ba laifi, wasu suna da shi zuwa dubu goma sha biyu tons. Wannan ne ma wani musamman iko freighters. Photo sama - teku jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar man fetur, da kuma a kasa - da kogin.

LNG

Wadannan jiragen ruwa shari liquefied gas - methane, propane, butane, ammonia, kazalika da na halitta gas, masu muhimmanci da albarkatun kasa da kuma m man fetur. Kullum gas ko liquefied ko chilled ko matsa. LNG aikin, ta sha bamban daga motocin dakon domin suna da su zuba jari cylindrical tankuna - a kwance ko a tsaye, mai siffar zobe ko rectangular. Kadaici a kan LNG motocin dakon dole ne sosai m.

Cargo ayyukan da za'ayi ta wajen wani musamman tsarin, wanda ya hada da farashinsa, compressors, bututu da kuma na tsaka-tsaki tanki. Ballast tankuna a aiki dauki ba su kamata ba, amma saboda an sanye take a tarnaƙi ko a cikin biyu kasa. Gas sufuri ne ko da yaushe m, don haka akwai wani iko da samun iska tsarin da gas zuba ƙararrawa. Extinguishing gobara faruwa ta amfani da carbon dioxide. A halin yanzu, da bukatar da a hade aji, daga jirgi da cewa ga teku, da kuma kogin sufuri ne sosai m - cire komai runs. Saboda haka akwai hlopkolesovozy, Obo da kuma irin wannan tasoshin.

RS-300

Daga 1967 zuwa 1984, na biyu a cikin uku shipyards Tarayyar Soviet bayar seiners 388M aikin type "RS-300 Cargo jirgin". hudu ɗari da tamanin da shida da irin wannan seiners aka gina, ciki har da wadanda suke kama kifi, kifi, ma'adinai, kotuna. Bugu da kari, a kan tushen da wannan musamman aikin ya bayyana talatin da uku bincike tasoshin (kamar sanannen "himma"). game da rabin dozin irin tasoshin na dogon lokaci aiki ga dalilai na kimiyya da bincike.

Lokacin da Rasha ta daina wanzuwa, da bukatar su ya bace, wasu jiragen ruwa ne a zaman kansa hannuwanku, kuma mafi yawansu ba su ya bauta wa, ya tsaya gyaran. Rage a kama kifi retrained. A Far East irin tasoshin a kananan yawa har su more kwanan nan sau da muka yi aiki a Border Guard. A asirce mallakar kama kifi RS-300 da ninkaya da kuma yanzu.

wani rarrabuwa

Bugu da kari ga rarrabuwa da manufar za a iya raba kaya tasoshin a kan sauran filaye. Wannan ne manufa na rike ruwa, tafiya yankin, da irin engine, motsi manufa HALITTAR mover, da kayan da siffar daga cikin gidaje. rike da manufa na iya zama hydrodynamic - hydrofoils, airbag, planing kuma hydrostatic - hovercraft, hijirar (catamarans).

motsi manufa da rababben kotu a kai - a ikon shuka, mirgina - a pusher craft da tugs, kazalika da tara - pontoons, saukowa, saukarwa. Bisa ga kewayawa yanki za a iya bambanta na sojan ruwa jiragen ruwa, gauraye (kogin-teku) kuma ga m kewayawa (kogi). Recent tsara don short flights a kan m waterways. Main engine irin raba sufurin kaya tasoshin a kan jirãge (ciki konewa engine) da kuma dizal (motor). A Navy nukiliya submarines da ma nema turbohody. Kotun raba kan yanayin da propeller a kan dabaran, dunƙule, vodomotnye, tare da propellers da fuka-fuki. Type jiki abu na iya zama karfe, fiberglass, kankare, itace. Har ila yau, kotun iya zama kai-propelled kuma ba (da baji).

Cargo jirgin sama

Cargo jirgin sama amfani da su safarar fasinjoji ba, kuma da dama daga kaya da kuma fasaha. Suna nan da nan, kuma ana iya gane ko Unprofessional look. Fikafikai kafa high, da kauri da ƙwanso, da fuselage ne a fili kama hankali, wasu "stockiness" (haka cewa dukiya sun kasance kusa a ƙasa domin sauki loading da Ana saukewa). A mafi yawan ƙafafun a kan shasi, wani babban ponytail.

Air kaya ya fara da baya a 1911 - tare da adireshin. More musamman ayyukan, ba shakka, an ba, sun kasance ne kawai a cikin twenties. A farko duk-kaya jirgin sama da aka kerarre a Jamus - Air 232. Kafin cewa lodi hawa dan kadan saba "Junkers". Jiragen an gina a kan musamman ayyukan for sufurin kaya suna kira freighters. Su ba su tsara don fasinjoji.

The most kaya dako

Wannan tashi dodo - AN-225 ( "Dream") da aka ɓullo da a Antonov Design ofishin, a 1984, da farko jirgin da ya faru a shekarar 1988. Shestimotorny turbojet vysokoplan, dvuhkilevoe wutsiya da share reshe ya haifar da wani ikon-taƙawa zuwa safarar ɓangare na jefa abin hawa ga jefa shafin. A Soviet sarari shirin "Buran" shafi yin amfani da wannan jirgin sama na musamman da cewa shi ne ya iya tada fiye da ɗari biyu da hamsin tons.

Lockheed C-5 Galaxy - American kaya jiragen haife shi a shekarar 1968, shi ne a soja jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar kaya, iya kuma lokaci guda kawo shida Armoured Personnel dako, biyu tankuna, BMP-hudu, shida jirage masu saukar ungulu "Apache". Hughes H-4 Hercules - mai iko sosai son sani shekarar 1947 aka kafa ta, da wingspan ne tasa'in da takwas mita. Yanzu shi ne jirgin sama gidan kayan gargajiya, tun lokacin da aka sanya a cikin wani aure kwafin. Boeing 747-8I - combi jirgin sama, saki a cikin samarwa a 2008. Ya kiwata ɗari huɗu da arba'in da biyu ton a kan takeoff, amma sauran fiye da kaya a kan jirgin daukan kusan ɗari shida da fasinjoji.