Lev Semenovich Pontryagin, ilimin lissafin Soviet: ilimin lissafi, aikin kimiyya

Sakamakon wannan mathematician ya kasance mai ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa sosai. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 13, masanin kimiyya mai zuwa ya rasa idanunsa. Wannan bai hana shi yin wasu abubuwa masu muhimmanci a lissafin lissafi ba. An baiwa Lev Semenovich Pontryagin kyautar lambar yabo na USSR, da kuma sauran kyaututtuka. Ana gane adalcinsa a duk faɗin duniya.

Asalin Pontryagin

Lev Semenovich Pontryagin (1908-1988) an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Agusta, 1908 a Moscow, a cikin iyalin ma'aikaci, ta hanyar masu sana'a. A 1916, masanin kimiyya na gaba ya fara samun ilimi na sakandare. Lev Semyonovich Pontryagin daga bisani ya fara fahimtar tushen kimiyya saboda iyalinsa ba wadata ba ne. Ta ba ta da damar ba da horo ga horo na Lev a gymnasium (wani soja na soja ya tattara mahaifinsa a cikin sojojin).

Makaranta, asarar gani

Lev Semenovich Pontryagin a shekarar 1917 ya koma makarantar sakandaren shekaru tara, a wancan lokacin yana da kowa. A cikin shekarun nan, aikin da yayi na ba shi sha'awa ba. Masanin kimiyya na gaba ba ya nuna sha'awar ilmin lissafi ba. Lokacin da yaro yana da shekaru 13, a cikin gidansa akwai fashewa na ƙurar Primus. A sakamakon wannan hadarin, Lev Semenovich Pontryagin ya rasa idanunsa. Yaro, mai yiwuwa, yana da wuyar bayan wannan taron. Mahaifiyarsa, Tatyana Andreevna (ta yi aiki a matsayin mai sayarwa), ta zama babban sakataren ɗanta na shekaru masu yawa. Lev Semenovich Pontryagin ya zama mai sha'awar ilimin lissafi a karatun tara. A matsayin tushen bayani, ya yi amfani da takardu daga ƙamus. A nan ne masanin kimiyya mai zuwa ya yanke shawarar samun ilimi mafi girma a ilmin lissafi. Duk da matsalolin dake haɗuwa da asarar hangen nesa, ya gudanar da shirin.

Nazarin Jami'ar

Pontryagin ya shiga Jami'ar Jihar ta Moscow, a fannin ilimin lissafi da ilmin lissafi (kwararrun - "tsabtace lissafi"). Ya sauke karatu a shekarar 1929. Daga bisani Lev Semenovich ya ci gaba da karatunsa a makarantar digiri na biyu, ya shiga cikin Cibiyar Ilimin Kimiyya da Harkokin Kimiyya, a Jami'ar Jihar Moscow. Ya sauke karatu a matsayi na farko a shekarar 1931. Malamin Lev Semenovich ya zama PS Aleksandrov. Pontryagin na shekaru da dama yana ƙarƙashin babbar kyan gani.

Ayyukan kimiyya

Lev Semenovich a cikin zamani daga 1930 zuwa 1932 ya kasance masanin farfesa na algebra, da kuma ma'aikacin Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Ilmin lissafi da Magunguna. A shekarun 1932-1933. Ya kasance ma'aikaci na Laboratory na Bambancin dake Jami'ar Jihar Moscow (na Cibiyar Harkokin Kwayoyin Kimiyya). Masanin kimiyyar ilmin lissafi daga 1934 zuwa karshen rayuwarsa da aka koyar a Jami'ar Jihar ta Moscow. A shekara ta 1934 ya zama farfesa, kuma a 1935-1938 - farfesa a Jami'ar Mechanics da Kimiyya. A cikin shekarun 1970-1988. Pontryagin ne ke kula da ɗaya daga cikin sassan sashen lissafin lissafin lissafi da kuma cybernetics. A shekara ta 1935, ba tare da kariya daga cikin rubutun ba, an ba shi lambar digiri na Doctor na Kimiyyar jiki da Kimiyya. A wannan shekarar Pontryagin ya sami lakabin farfesa.

Daga 1934 har zuwa karshen kwanakinsa Lev Semenovich ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Ilmin Kimiyya ta Steklov. A lokacin daga 1934 zuwa 1939, ya kasance babban jami'in bincike. Shekaru ashirin (1939-1959) Pontryagin ya zama shugaban Sashen Topology da Sha'idodi. Tun 1972, mathematician yayi aiki a VINITI, inda har zuwa shekarar 1988 an rubuta shi a matsayin babban jami'in bincike. Lev Semenovich ya kasance memba na sashin labaran jarida na "Lissafi" daga 1974 zuwa 1980.

Ayyukan Pontryagin

Babban bangarori na kimiyyar kimiyyar Pontryagin sune algebra da topology, ka'idar ka'idar da ka'idar bambancin bambancin. A 1932, Lev Semenovich tasowa samarwa da Alexander biyuntakar doka, kuma doka ta tabbatar da cewa a cikin Euclidean sarari ya haɗu kungiyar Betty rufe a daure sa tare da sabani rufe Betty kungiyoyin karin sa. Pontryagin ya warware matsala na ƙididdige ƙungiyoyin Betti.

Lev Semenovich shi ne mahaliccin algebra mai suna Topology. Babban nasarorin nasa suna da dangantaka da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Masanin kimiyya ya nazarin tsarin su, kuma ya gudanar da bincike na jituwa. A lokaci guda tare da bincike akan duality na topology da ka'idar haruffa, Pontryagin ya yi aiki na biyu a kan ka'idar homotopy da tsarin ka'idar. Masanin kimiyya ya tabbatar (ba tare da Nebeling, masanin lissafin Jamus ba, tare da shi tare da shi) sanannun sanannun cewa duk wani karamin n-dimensional game da wani tsari da ke cikin tsarin Euclidean (2n + 1) ya zama homeomorphic.

Daga 1935 zuwa 1940, masanin kimiyyar ya rubuta wasu ayyukan akan ka'idar skew da kuma ka'idar homotopy. Pontryagin gano wani haɗi tsakanin matsalolin da aka ba da dama da kuma matsalolin homotopy. Ya gano dabi'un halayen LS Pontryagin, waxanda suke da haɓakawa da yawa.

Yi aiki a kan ka'idar bambancin bambancin da wasanni

Lev Semenovich tun da farkon 1950s, ya zama interested in ka'idar bambanci lissafai. Ya yi aiki guda biyu a cikin wannan filin. Na farko daga cikinsu shine game da rikice-rikice na kowa, kuma na biyu ya danganci ka'idar tsari mafi kyau a cikin lissafin lissafi. Shi ne Lev Semenovich wanda ake zaton shi ne mahaliccin wannan ka'idar. Ya dogara ne akan ka'idar Pontryagin mafi girma. Sakamakonsa shi ne mafi mahimmanci sakamakon yin nazari akan matakai mafi kyau. Masanin kimiyyar da ke sha'awarmu ya samo asali a irin wannan yanayi kamar ka'idar wasanni daban-daban. Sunyi babbar gudummawa ga ka'idar kulawa mafi kyau.

Nuna darajar

A cikin duka, masanin kimiyya ya rubuta game da ayyukan kimiyya ɗari uku. Tare da taimakon ka'idar da Lev Semenovich ya halitta, masana kimiyya sun gano mahimman tsarin tsarin lantarki mafi mahimmanci, ƙayyadadden tsarin mai amfani da man fetur mafi mahimmanci, da sauransu.

Abinda ya cancanta na Lev Semenovich ba shi da shakka. Sun san su ba kawai ta hanyar Rasha ba, har ma da duniyar kimiyya ta duniya. An gayyaci masanin kimiyya don shiga cikin manyan taro, an ba shi kyaututtuka daban-daban, ciki har da lambar yabo ta USSR, da kuma manyan kyaututtuka. A wani lokaci Pontryagin yana daya daga cikin shugabannin kungiyar Ƙungiyar Ilimin Ƙirƙwarar Duniya, mafi mahimmanci, mataimakinsa.

Ayyukan Al'umma

Ya kamata a lura cewa Lev Semenovich kullum yana so ya shiga cikin rayuwar jama'a. Ya kasance masanin lissafi, kuma makãho, saboda haka zai iya sauƙi kullun ayyukan zamantakewa. Musamman lokacin da ya zama mara lafiya. Duk da haka, Lev Semenovich bai lura da hatsari ba. Ya sau da yawa ya yi jayayya kuma yayi magana da karfi game da abin da ya yi daidai. A lokaci guda kuma bai dubi darajõji da matsayi ba. Lev Semenovich ya bukaci cikakken bayani da tsabta a cikin dangantakar tsakanin abokan aiki. A cikin aikinsa, ya bi ka'idodin lamiri, sau da yawa yana watsi da kuskuren ƙaddamarwa da matsayi a cikin ilimin kimiyya, har ma da kamfanoni. Masanin kimiyya ya dauki nauyin da ya tsoma baki cikin al'amuran al'amuran al'umma a jihar, ya fara da gyaggyarawar ilimin makaranta da kuma kawo karshen aiki na juyawa koguna a Siberia.

Rikici, wanda ya shafi Pontryagin

Bisa ga abin da aka faɗa, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa masanin ilimin lissafi Lev Semenovich Pontryagin ya sanya abokan gaba da dama, wadanda, ta amfani da damar, suka fara kai farmaki ga malamin kimiyya. Amincewa da yunkuri na Zionist, wanda ya faru a shekarar 1967, bayan yakin Larabawa-Isra'ila, shine ainihin dalilin harin. Rundunar ta USSR tana da matsanancin matsayi. Pontryagin ya zama babban abokin gaba ga al'ummar Zionist, wadanda ke da tasiri sosai a Amurka, da kuma a wasu jihohin yamma.

Daga cikin bangarori na gwagwarmaya da Tarayyar Soviet ita ce gwagwarmayar da suka shafi kimiyya na Rundunar Soviet, tun da yake a cikinta, kamar yadda aka sani, yawancin Yahudawa ya kasance mafi girma fiye da yadda yawancin wakilan sauran kasashe suke. Wannan lamarin ya damu saboda gwamnatin gwamnatin Amurka ta hana shigo da masana kimiyya da ke da asirin sirri. A tsakiyar rikici tsakanin Soviet Union da Zionists, a cikin 1970, Pontryagin ya bayyana ba da daɗewa ba.

Gudanarwa da Gyara

Lokacin da lokaci ya zo, Lev Semenovich ya zama mafi kyawun adadi ga manyan masu zanga-zanga a cikin 'yan mathematicians na kasarmu. A cikin ra'ayi na jama'a, wani maganganu na maganganun anti-Semitic na Pontryagin ya ci gaba a tsawon lokaci. Wannan shine dalili na murabus na masanin kimiyya daga mukamin shugaban kungiyar ilimin lissafi. Lamarin Lissafin Kyauta bai daina karɓar gayyata don shiga taron, kuma an yi amfani da sunansa don a guji shi a duk lokacin da zai yiwu, har ma da wani labarin game da nasarorin nasa. Bayan 1991, stereotype da ke haɗar da anti-Semitian malamin kimiyya ya zama sananne a Rasha. Sai kawai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, saboda godiya ga wasu masana kimiyya, an sake kwatanta siffar Lev Semenovich.

Littafin tunawa

Masanin Ilimin Kimiyya na Jami'ar Rundunar Harkokin Jakadancin {asar Amirka, LS Pontryagin ya rubuta littafi mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa, wanda za ku iya koya bayanan tarihin ilmin lissafi a cikin USSR a rabi na biyu na karni na 20. Wannan littafi ya gabatar da adadi na masana kimiyya da yawa - Kolmogorov, Alexandrov, Luzin da sauransu. Akwai ayoyi masu yawa a ciki, da kuma bayanin Lev Levyonovich na rayuwa mai wuya. Bugu da kari, masanin kimiyya ya fada game da wasu siffofi na tunaninsa na kimiyya. Masanin kimiyya ya rubuta game da yadda ya magance matsalolin "hadaddun" a cikin tunaninsa, ba tare da yin amfani da kowane hanyar yin kallo ba. Amma mafi mahimmanci, watakila, tunanin tunanin masanin kimiyya ya ba mu misali na zalunci da juriya, albarkatun da ba za a iya samun damar kwakwalwar mutum ba, wanda muke amfani da shi kawai a cikin digiri marar iyaka.

A kimiyya makaranta na Lev Semenovich

Fate ya gwada gwaji mai tsanani a rayuwar Pontryagin - ya rasa fuskarsa. Duk da haka, wannan ba ya hana masana kimiyya daga samun ilimi mafi girma, sannan kuma rayuwarsa ta samu nasarar magance ilimin lissafi. A cikin wannan kimiyya ya sami babban nasara. Ta hanyar aikinsa Lev Semenovich ya taimaka wajen ci gaba da ilimin lissafi a cikin kasarmu da kuma ko'ina cikin duniya. Shi ne wanda ya kafa makarantar kimiyya, wanda ya tasiri wajen bunkasa ka'idar kulawa da lissafi na bambancin. A cikin maganganun ilmin lissafi, akwai sharuɗɗa da dama da suke suna sunan wannan masanin kimiyya-dokar Pontryagin, filin Pontryagin, sararin Pontryagin, da sauransu.

Lev Semenovich ya kasance malami mai mahimmanci. Wadannan dalibai sun lura cewa an ba da laccocinsa ta hanyar daidaito da gabatarwa. Wadannan halaye ne masana kimiyya suka samar a cikin ɗalibai masu yawa.

A Moscow ranar 3 ga Mayu, 1988 Pontryagin Lev Semenovich ya mutu. Tarihi game da shi har ya zuwa yau yana karfafa masana kimiyya da yawa, har ma da mutane da nisa daga kimiyya.