Daniel Bernoulli: Tarihi, Hotuna, Taimakawa wajen ci gaba da ka'idar yiwuwar

Shekaru na 17 - shekarun haske. A cikin bangarori daban-daban na ilimin, tare da taimakon mahimmancin tunani, tsarin addini na cognition na duniya an maye gurbinsu ta hanyar kimiyya mai zurfi. Wani abu na musamman a cikin wannan tsari shine iyalan Bernoulli, wanda ya ba da dama ga masana kimiyya a duniya. Daya daga cikin sunaye masu daraja daga wannan galaxy shine Daniel Bernoulli. Gwargwadon kyaututtuka da nau'o'in ilimin kimiyya, ya kasance kama da manyan masanan kimiyya na Renaissance. Babban halayen danginsa da sauran 'yan uwansa ga mutanen da zasu zo a nan gaba shine su ba da lissafi ga ma'anar kayan aiki na duniya don bincike a wasu bangarorin kimiyya - a cikin ilimin lissafi, ilmin sunadarai, ilmin halitta da sauransu.

Ilimin lissafi a matsayin kasuwanci na iyali

Kakanni na iyalin Bernoulli sun fito ne daga Flanders, daga yankin yankin Southern Holland, wanda daga bisani ya zama ɓangare na Belgium. A Antwerp, inda daya daga cikin ubannin gidan sanannen Yakubu, ya rayu, zalunci da Protestantism ya fara, ciki har da Bernoulli. An tilasta musu su fara zuwa Jamus, sa'an nan kuma zuwa Basel, inda suka sami 'yan ƙasa na ƙasar Switzerland. Dan Yakubu - Nicholas, wanda dattijo ya nuna a kan bishiya, yana da 'ya'ya 11. Ya zama wanda ya kafa mashahuriyar tarihin ilmin lissafi. Daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Jakob - Johann - ya koyar a Jami'ar Groningen. A cikin wannan garin Holland a ranar 29 ga Janairu, 1700, an haifi Daniel Bernoulli (1700-1782).

Lokacin da masanin kimiyya na gaba ya juya shekaru 5, Johann Bernoulli da iyalinsa sun koma Basel, inda ya sami mukamin farfesa na ilmin lissafi. Bayan ya fara karatun Daniyel, ya bayyana a fili cewa ya baiwa 'yan'uwansa kyauta - Yakubu da Nicholas Jr .. Amma Johann yayi tsammanin Daniyel ya zama mafi riba - mai ciniki ko likita - saboda haka, a lokacin da yake da shekaru 15, Daniyel Bernoulli ya fara karatun magani a jami'ar Basel, sa'an nan kuma a Jamus Heidelberg.

Magunguna da ilmin lissafi

Interest a cikin nazarin gudana a cikin ruwa da kuma gaseous kafofin watsa labarai bayyana a cikin Daniyel, lokacin da ya zama wani almajiri daga cikin shahararrun Turanci likita William Harvey. Ya fahimci aikinsa a kan nazarin jini a jikin mutum - Harvey shine na farko don gano manyan ƙwayoyin jini.

Ba da da ewa Daniel Bernoulli ya kare magananinsa kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya sami hanyar koyarwa. A wannan lokacin, yawancin masu neman takardun ya kasance da yawa. Ƙwararren masanin kimiyya bai yi nasara ba, amma ya zama dalilin da yake sha'awar ilimin lissafi na yiwuwar ka'idar.

A 1724 Daniyel ya koma Venice don ci gaba da nazarin magani daga likitan sanannen Antonio Michelotti.

Danila Ivanovich

A Italiya, yana fama da rashin lafiya, amma ya cigaba da bincike. Ya gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da yawa don gano tsarin mulki a cikin halin ruwa lokacin da ya tsere daga akwati kuma ya wuce ta cikin tubes na sassa daban-daban. Wannan aikin ya halicce shi da wani iko a sabon filin ilmin lissafi, wanda ya kira hydrodynamics.

A shekara ta 1725, Daniel Bernoulli ya karbi gayyatar daga Catherine I don daukar matsayi na shugaban sashen ilmin lissafi a Jami'ar Kimiyya na St. Petersburg. Har ila yau, ta ƙidaya matsayinsa, a matsayin mashahuriyar kwararrun masana'antu a cikin samar da wutar lantarki, a cikin samar da ruwan kwari a Peterhof.

An tabbatar da kasancewar masanin kimiyya a Rasha a cikin wani mummunan hatsari - watanni tara bayan ya isa St. Petersburg, dan'uwansa Nikolai, wanda ya zo tare da shi, ya mutu daga zazzaɓi. Duk da irin halayen da ya kasance tare da shi a lokacin da yake zaune a ƙasar waje, Daniyel ya tara kayan aikinsa na kimiyya, Hydrodynamics, wanda aka buga a 1738. Ya tsara manyan tsare-tsaren dokoki da ke ƙayyade yanayin ruwa da ruwa, wanda ake kira bayan Bernoulli.

Gurin gidan ya sanya masanin kimiyya ya nemi matsayinsa a Basel, inda Daniel Bernoulli ya dawo a 1733. Ba a danganta labarinsa kawai tare da wannan birni ba, inda ya rayu duk rayuwarsa har sai mutuwarsa a 1782.

Saduwa da uban

Lokacin da 1734 Daniyel ya ba da "Harkokin Halitta" ga gasar a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Paris, ta bayyana cewa abokin adawarsa shi ne mahaifinsa. Tsarin Kwalejin ya kasance wani sulhu, amma mahaifiyarsa ta fusata. Daniyel Bernoulli da Johann Bernoulli sun bayyana masu nasara guda daya, amma gano mataki daya tare da dan ya zama abin kunya ga tsohon farfesa.

An karya dangantaka tsakanin Daniel da mahaifinsa, duk da cewa son yana so ya kafa su. A cikin littafin "Hydrodynamics" a Strasbourg a shekarar 1738, ya kara da cewa sunansa "dan Johann." Amma mazan tsohuwar Bernoulli ya kasance marar iyaka. Bayan shekara guda, an buga littafinsa Hydraulics. Ya rubuta shi a 1732 don ya nuna fifiko.

Daniel Bernoulli da taimakonsa ga ci gaban ka'idar

A cikin "Magana daga Jami'ar St. Petersburg," Bernoulli ya wallafa wani takarda wanda ya ɗauka cewa an ce da shi mai suna St. Petersburg. Ya damu game da wasan da aka ambata ta dan dan Daniel, Nikolai: lokacin da tsabar kudin ta kasance mai lakabi, "gaggawa" ta zo ya kawo wasan ya lashe kyautar 2 zuwa ikon tsabar kudi. Ƙididdigar lissafi na yiwuwar cin nasara take kaiwa zuwa iyaka mara iyaka, amma hankula na nuna cewa lada don shiga cikin wasan dole ne ya sami darajar ƙimar. A wani ƙuduri na paradox Daniel yana amfani da sauyawa na fata na lashe wani halin kirki, kazalika da dangantakar yiwuwa da kuma na sirri mai amfani.

Wani muhimmin nazarin Bernoulli a cikin wannan yankin da aka saboda da babban sana'a Daniel - likita - da kuma sababbin rassan kimiyya, ilmin lissafi statistics da ka'idar kurakurai. Ya wallafa wani takarda akan tasiri na maganin ƙananan cututtuka.

Abinda yake

Daniila Bernulli aiki da ka'idar bambanci lissafai suna sosai mai daraja "tsarki" lissafi. Kuma ilmin lissafi na ilmin lissafi shi ne reshe na kimiyya, inda masanin kimiyya ya kasance daya daga cikin masu kafa.

Wani masanin kimiyya na duniya, baya ga ka'idodin ka'idojin hydrodynamics, Bernoulli ya wadatar da ka'idar ka'idar gas da ka'idar elasticity, wanda aka tsara dukan jerin ayyukan da ake yi a kan launi. Har ila yau, yanayin zamani yana dogara ne da binciken da Daniyel ya fara.

Paris, Berlin, Bologna, Jami'ar Kimiyya na St. Petersburg, London Royal Society - wani memba na wadannan ƙungiyoyin kimiyya shine Daniel Bernoulli. Hotuna da hotunansa yana ƙawata ganuwar ɗakunan kimiyya masu yawa da ke ɗauke da sunansa, ciki har da dakin gwaje-gwaje a cibiyar Cibiyar Harkokin Kimiyyar Lissafi a Jami'ar Jami'ar Moscow.