Mene ne kwayoyin halitta? Mene ne nazarin kwayoyin halitta? Tushen kwayoyin halitta

Kimiyyar ilimin halitta ya hada da adadi mai yawa da kuma kimiyya na zamani. Duk da haka, ilmin halitta yana daya daga cikin mafi ƙanƙanta kuma mafi kyawun albashi, mai amfani ga mutum da aikinsa. In mun gwada kwanan nan ya fito fili, amma da sauri tsiwirwirinsu lokacinta a ci gaba da wannan kimiyya zuwa ranar, ta zama da kafa irin wannan sassan kamar yadda fasahar binciken halittu da kuma kayyade aikin injiniya. Mene ne kwayoyin halittu da kuma yadda aka fara samuwa da ci gaba? Bari mu dubi wannan a cikin daki-daki.

Mene ne kwayar halitta?

Da farko dai, ilimin kimiyyar halitta shine kimiyya. Kyakkyawan haske, mai ban sha'awa, matasa, amma harkar kimiyya mai zurfi. Ma'anar kalmar da aka samo daga harshen Helenanci. Saboda haka, "mikros" na nufin "ƙanana", kashi na biyu na kalma ta fito ne daga "bios", wanda ke nufin "rai", kuma ƙarshen daga Girkanci. "Logos", wanda ke fassara a matsayin koyarwa. Yanzu zaka iya ba da amsar amsa tambayar, menene kwayoyin halitta. Wannan shine rukunin kwayoyin halitta.

A wasu kalmomi, binciken shi ne mafi ƙanƙan abubuwa masu rai wanda ba'a iya gani ga ido marar ido. Irin wadannan kwayoyin halitta ba sun hada da:

1. Prokaryotes (kwayoyin halitta ba na nukiliya ba, ko kuma basu da wani tsari):

• Kwayoyin cuta;
• Archaea.

2. Eukaryotes (kwayoyin dake ci gaba da ci gaba):

• Unicellular algae;
• Saitunan.

3. Cutar.

Duk da haka, ana fifiko fifiko a cikin ilmin kwayoyin halitta don nazarin kwayoyin halitta daban-daban, siffofin da hanyoyi na samun makamashi. Wannan shine tushen kwayar halitta.

Batun kimiyya

Lokacin da aka tambayi abin da nazarin kwayoyin halittu yake, wanda zai iya amsa wannan: yana nazarin bambancin kwayoyin halitta a siffar da girmansa, da tasiri akan yanayin da halittu masu rai, hanyoyi na ciyarwa, tasowa da kuma bunkasa kwayoyin halitta, da tasiri akan ayyukan tattalin arziki na mutum.

Microorganisms ne halittun da zasu iya rayuwa cikin yanayi daban-daban. A gare su, akwai kusan iyakacin zazzabi, acidity da alkalinity na matsakaici, matsa lamba da zafi. A karkashin kowane yanayi, akwai akalla daya (kuma yawancin lokaci mai yawa) ƙungiyar kwayoyin dake iya tsira. A yau akwai al'ummomin microorganisms wadanda ke zaune a cikin maɓuɓɓugar yanayin zafi, a cikin zurfin teku, a cikin mummunan yanayi na duwatsu da duwatsu, da sauransu.

Kimiyya ta san daruruwan nau'o'in kwayoyin halittu, wanda hakan zai kara har zuwa dubban. Duk da haka, an tabbatar cewa wannan ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayar bambancin dake cikin yanayi. Sabili da haka, aikin masana kwayoyin halitta yana da yawa.

Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun cibiyoyin, wanda binciken cikakken nazarin microorganisms da dukan matakai da ke hade da su, shine Cibiyar Pasteur a Faransa. An kira shi bayan sanannen masanin kimiyyar halitta kamar kimiyyar Louis Pasteur, wannan ilimin kimiyyar halittu ya samar da kwararrun kwararrun kwararru daga ganuwar, wanda ba a gano abubuwan da suka faru ba.

A Rasha zuwa yau, Cibiyar Nazarin halittu ta im. SN Vinogradsky RAS, wanda shine cibiyar bincike mafi girma a fannin ilmin halittu a kasarmu.

Tarihin tarihi a cikin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta

Tarihin ci gaba da ilmin kwayoyin halittu a matsayin kimiyya ya ƙunshi matakai guda uku:

• Mafarki ko zane-zane;
• Kwayar jiki ko tarawa;
• Modern.

Bugu da ƙari, tarihin kwayoyin halittu ya ƙidaya a cikin cigabanta kimanin shekaru 400. Wato, farkon fitowar ita ce game da karni na 17. Saboda haka, an dauki cewa yana da kyakkyawar ƙwayar kimiyya ta kwatanta da wasu sassan ilimin halitta.

Mahimmanci ko zane-zane

Wannan sunan yana nuna cewa a wannan mataki, magana mai mahimmanci, ita ce tarawa game da ilmin halittar kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta. An fara ne tare da gano prokaryotes. Wannan darajar na daga cikin kakannin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta Antonio van Leeuwenhoek, wanda yake da hankali mai zurfi, kwarewa mai kyau da kyakkyawan ikon yin tunani a hankali da daidaitawa. Da yake kasancewa mai fasaha mai kyau, sai ya gudanar da kayan aikin tabarau, yana ba da ƙarin sau 300. Kuma don sake maimaita nasararsa shine kawai a tsakiyar karni na XX na masana kimiyyar Rasha. Kuma to, ba ta juya ba, amma ta hanyar yin watsi da ruwan tabarau daga filaye na gilashi.

Wadannan ruwan tabarau suna aiki ne wanda Leuvenook ya gano microorganisms. Kuma a farkon ya sanya kansa wani nau'i mai kyau na yanayi: masanin kimiyya yayi mamaki dalilin da yasa fuck yana da zafi. Sassan ɓangaren tsire-tsire kuma sun binciko su a karkashin wani microscope na nasu samarwa, sai ya ga duniya mai rai na kananan halittu. Ya kasance a 1695. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Antonio ya fara nazari na yau da kullum kuma ya bayyana nau'o'in kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta. Ya bambanta su ne kawai a cikin tsari, amma wannan ya riga ya zama mai yawa.

Levenguk yana da kimanin jerin litattafai 20, wanda ke bayyane dalla-dalla a duniya, nau'i-nau'i, kwari da sauran kwayoyin. Ya rubuta aikin farko akan kwayoyin halitta, wanda ake kira "asirin halitta, wanda Anthony van Leeuwenhoek ya gano". Ƙoƙari na farko don tsarawa da kuma rarraba ilimin da ke tattare da ilimin kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta shine ga masanin kimiyya O. Muller, wanda ya gudanar da ita a 1785. Daga wannan lokacin tarihi na cigaban kwayar halitta ya fara samun karfin zuciya.

Tsarin aikin jiki ko haɓakawa

A wannan mataki na ci gaba da kimiyya, ana nazarin hanyoyin da ke tattare da muhimmancin ayyukan kwayoyin cuta. Ayyukan da suke shiga kuma abin da bazai iya yiwuwa ba a yanayi ne. An tabbatar da rashin yiwuwar tsarawar rayuwa ba tare da jituwar kwayoyin halitta ba. Duk wadannan binciken sun kasance sakamakon sakamakon binciken masanin kimiyya-masanin kimiyya, amma bayan wadannan binciken kuma wani masanin halitta, Louis Pasteur. Yana da wuya a yi la'akari da muhimmancinsa a ci gaban wannan kimiyya. Tarihin kwayoyin halittu ba zai iya samuwa ba da sauri kuma gaba ɗaya, idan ba haka ba ne ga mutumin nan marar gaskiya.

Ana iya bayyana abubuwan da Pasteur ya nuna a manyan mahimman bayanai:

• Ya tabbatar da cewa hanyar yin amfani da tasiri na abubuwa da suka saba wa mutane daga lokaci mai zuwa ya haifar da wani irin nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta. Haka kuma, ga kowane irin na fermentation (lactic acidic, barasa, mai, da sauransu) ne halin da wani rukuni na kwayoyin cuta, da kuma cewa shi ne da za'ayi.
• An gabatar da shi a cikin masana'antun masana'antun hanyar aiwatar da pasteurization don zubar da samfurori daga microflora, haifar da lalata da kuma cinyewa;
• Ya cancanci samun karuwar rigakafi ga cututtuka ta hanyar gabatar da maganin alurar riga kafi a jiki. Wato, Pasteur shi ne magabatan alurar rigakafi, shi ne wanda ya tabbatar da cewa cututtuka suna haifar da bayyanar kwayoyin halitta;
• An lalata ra'ayin da ake amfani da shi akan dukkanin abubuwa masu rai kuma ya tabbatar da cewa saboda yawancin kwayoyin cuta (kwayoyin launi, misali), ba a buƙatar oxygen ba, har ma da cutarwa.

Babban basirar da Louis Pasteur ya ba shi shi ne ya tabbatar da dukkanin bincikensa a gwaji. Saboda haka babu wanda zai iya zama cikin shakka game da amincin sakamakon. Amma tarihin ilmin halittu ba ya ƙare a can.

Wani masanin kimiyyar da ya yi aiki a karni na XIX kuma ya taimaka wajen nazarin kwayoyin halittu shine Robert Koch, masanin kimiyyar Jamus wanda ya cancanci cirewar tsabta na kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta. Wato, a cikin yanayi, dukkanin kwayoyin halitta suna da alaka da juna. Daya kungiyar a cikin rayuwar aiwatar da samar da wani kiwo ƙasa ga wasu, da sauran ya aikata wannan ga uku da sauransu. Wato, su ne nau'ikan abinci guda ɗaya kamar kwayoyin halitta masu girma, kawai a cikin al'ummomin kwayan. Saboda haka, yana da matukar wuya a nazarin wasu jinsin al'umma, wata ƙungiya daga kwayoyin, saboda su musamman kananan girma (1 ^-6 m ko 1 m), da kuma kasancewa a cikin m kusa hadin gwiwa da juna, ba za su iya zama singly aikita. Mafi kyau shine damar da za ta bunkasa yawancin kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta daga wannan al'umma a ƙarƙashin yanayin wucin gadi. Wato, don samun samfuran kwayoyin halitta wadanda za su kasance bayyane ga ido mara kyau kuma suyi nazarin hanyoyin da ya zama mafi sauki.

Wannan shine ainihin abinda Koch ya gano. Ya gabatar da janyo hankalin tsararrun al'adun kwayoyin cuta a cikin tsarin gina jiki, wanda kowace al'umma tana da nasa. Har ila yau, ya cancanci yabo ga ciwon mallaka na microorganisms da kuma mahalarta mahalarta. Robert Koch fara gano tubercle Wand (Koch ta bacillus), parasitic a dabbobi da mutane. Wannan masanin kimiyyar amfani da hanyar na gwaji dabbobi kamu da pathogenic (pathogenic) kwayoyin da nufin deducing m al'adu na irin kwayoyin, da kuma raya hanyoyin domin disinfection da kuma iko.

Saboda haka, yawancin bayanai masu muhimmanci sun karu a kan muhimmancin ayyukan kwayoyin, amfanin su da cutar ga mutane. Ci gaban kimiyyar halitta ya tafi har ma da karfi.

Hanyar zamani

Masanin ilimin zamani na zamani shine ƙaddamar da kashi-kashi da ƙananan kimiyya wanda ke binciken ba kawai kwayoyin da kansu ba, har ma ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi, archaea da dukkanin kwayoyin halitta da aka sani da kuma sabon binciken. A kan tambaya, menene kwayoyin halittu, a yau za mu iya ba da amsar cikakken bayani. Wannan ƙaddamar da ilimin kimiyya ne a cikin nazarin ayyukan da ake gudanarwa na kwayoyin halitta, aikace-aikacen su a rayuwar mutum mai amfani a yankuna daban-daban da kuma wurare daban daban, da kuma tasiri na kwayoyin halitta akan juna, akan yanayin da rayayyun halittu.

Dangane da irin wannan mahimmanci game da ilmin kwayoyin halitta, dole ne a kawo saurin zamani na wannan kimiyya a sassan.

1. Jimlar.
2. Ƙasa.
3. Ruwa.
4. Noma.
5. Medical.
6. Wurin dabbobi.
7. Space.
8. Muhalli.
9. Virology.
10. Gina na gina jiki.
11. Masana'antu (fasaha).

Kowace sashe suna hulɗar da cikakken nazarin kwayoyin halitta, tasiri akan rayuwar da lafiyar mutane da dabbobi, da yiwuwar amfani da kwayoyin don dalilai masu amfani don inganta yanayin rayuwar ɗan adam. Duk wannan a cikin hadaddun shine abin da ilmin halitta yake nazarin.

Babban gudunmawa ga cigaban hanyoyin zamani na ilmin halitta, hanyoyi na hanzari da kuma noma da ƙananan kwayoyin halittu sune masana kimiyya kamar Wolfram Zillig da Carl Stetter, Carl Vese, Norman Pace, Watson Creek, Pauling, Zuckerkandl. Daga masana kimiyya na gida sunaye kamar I. I. Mechnikov, L. S. Tsenkovsky, D. I. Ivanovsky, S. N. Vinogradsky, V. L. Omelyansky, S. P. Kostychev, J. Ya. Nikitinsky da F. M. Chistyakov, A. I. Lebedev, V. N. Shaposhnikov. Godiya ga ayyukan masana kimiyya da aka lissafa, an samo hanyoyi don magance cututtukan cututtuka na dabbobi da mutane (anthrax, mite, ƙafar ƙafa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, da dai sauransu). Hanyoyin da za su kara yawan rigakafi ga cututtukan cututtuka da kwayoyin cututtukan cututtuka sun samo asali, wasu nau'o'in kwayoyin halittu masu sarrafa man fetur sun samo asali, abubuwa daban-daban sunadarori a cikin aiki mai mahimmanci, tsarkakewa da inganta yanayin yanayin yanayi, cire wadanda basu da magungunan sinadarai da yawa.

Taimakon wadannan mutanen yana da matukar muhimmanci, saboda haka wasu daga cikinsu (Mechnikov II) sun karbi lambar Nobel don aikin su. Har zuwa yau, akwai ilimin kimiyya na asali wanda ya samo asali akan ilmin halitta, wanda shine mafi mahimmanci a ilmin halitta - fasahar kimiyya, nazarin halittu da kuma aikin injiniya. Ayyukan kowane ɗayan su ana nufin amfani da kwayoyin halitta ko ƙungiyoyi masu ƙayyadaddun abubuwa, masu dacewa ga mutane. Don inganta sababbin hanyoyin aiki tare da microorganisms, don inganta amfanin amfani da kwayoyin.

Saboda haka, matakan cigaba da cigaban kwayoyin halittu, ko da yake ba yawa ba ne, duk da haka suna da cikakken bayani da cike da abubuwan da suka faru.

Hanyar nazarin microorganisms

Hanyar zamani na kwayoyin halittu ta dogara akan aiki tare da tsararrun al'adu, da kuma amfani da sababbin nasarori na fasaha (na lantarki, lantarki, laser, da dai sauransu). Ga manyan.

1. Amfani da fasahar microscopic na nufin. A matsayinka na mai mulki, kawai ƙananan microscopes masu haske ba su bada cikakkiyar sakamako, sabili da haka ana amfani da luminescent, laser da lantarki.
2. Tsire-tsire na kwayoyin cuta a kan kafofin watsa labarun na musamman don ƙwarewa da kuma noma na yankuna masu tsabta.
3. Hanyar jiki da kuma hanyoyin biochemical na nazarin al'adun microorganisms.
4. Tsarin kwayoyin halitta-hanyoyin nazarin halittu.
5. Tsarin hanyoyi na bincike. Zuwa kwanan wata, ya zama mai yiwuwa a gano tarihin sassaccen kusan kowane ɓangaren ƙungiyar microorganisms. Wannan aikin ya yiwu ne ta hanyar Karl Veze, wanda ya iya rarraba rabo daga jikin mutum na kwayoyin cuta. Da wannan binciken, ya zama mai yiwuwa a gina tsarin tsarin jiki na prokaryotes.

Kundin jerin hanyoyin da aka tsara za su iya samun cikakkun bayanai game da duk wani sabon abu wanda aka gano ko rigar da aka gano a yanzu da kuma gano su daidai aikace-aikacen.

Sakamakon kwayoyin halittu, wanda ta wuce ta cigabanta a matsayin kimiyya, ba koyaushe sun hada da irin wannan tsari na musamman da kuma daidai ba. Duk da haka, yana lura cewa mafi mahimmanci a kowane lokaci shine hanyar gwaji, shi ne wanda yayi aiki a matsayin tushen darin ilimin da basira a aiki tare da microworld.

Masanin ilimin kwayoyin halitta a magani

Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman wuraren da kwayoyin halittu ke da shi ga lafiyar mutum shine ilimin kimiyya. Maganar bincikenta shine ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da cututtukan da ke haifar da cututtuka mai tsanani. Sabili da haka, kafin masana kwayoyin halitta, aikin shine gano kwayar halitta, don noma tsabtaccen layi, don nazarin halaye na rayuwa da dalilan da ke cutar da jikin mutum, da kuma gano hanyoyin da za a kawar da wannan aikin.

Bayan al'adun tsabta na kwayoyin halitta sun samo asali, dole ne a gudanar da bincike na kwayoyin halitta mai zurfi. Bisa ga sakamakon, jarrabawar gwagwarmayar kwayoyin zuwa maganin rigakafi, gano hanyoyi na yaduwa cutar da kuma zabi hanya mafi mahimmanci don maganin wannan microorganism.

Wannan likita ilimin, ciki har da dabbobi, ya taimaka, wajen warware da dama gaggawa matsaloli na bil'adama: don ƙirƙirar wani maganin da Anthrax, ciwon hauka, equine fuskoki, da na tumaki pox, anaerobic cututtuka, tularemia da paratyphoid zazzabi, shi yiwuwa a rabu da mu da annoba da kuma parapnevmonii da sauransu.

Dandalin gina jiki na ilmin halitta

Manufofin kwayoyin halittu, tsaftace-tsabta da tsabta suna da alaka da juna kuma an haɗa su gaba daya. Bayan haka, kwayoyin cututtuka na iya yadawa da sauri kuma a cikin ƙarar girma, lokacin da yanayin tsaftacewa da tsabta ya bar abin da ake so. Kuma na farko an nuna shi a masana'antun abinci, tare da samar da kayayyakin abinci.

Yanzu data a kan ilimin halittar jiki da kuma Physiology na kwayoyin, biochemical matakai sa da su, kazalika da tasiri na muhalli dalilai a kan microflora tasowa a abinci a lokacin kawowa, ajiya, sayarwa da kuma aiki na raw kayan, taimaka wa kauce wa matsaloli da yawa. Rawar da kwayoyin a cikin aiwatar da samuwar kuma canji a cikin ingancin abinci da kuma fitowan da wani yawan cututtuka da pathogenic da opportunistic jinsunan, shi ne muhimmanci, sabili da haka da aiki abinci ilimin, muhalli da kuma kiwon lafiya shi ne irin rawar da suka gano da kuma juya ga amfanin mutum.

Abinci ilimin ma cultivates kwayoyin iya mayar daga man sunadarai, yana amfani da kwayoyin zuwa decompose da abinci, domin lura da yawa kayayyakin abinci. Fermentation tafiyar matakai bisa lactic acid da kuma butyric kwayoyin wa mutãne da yawa da ake bukata kayayyakin.

virology

Gaba daya raba, da kuma wani sosai babban rukuni na kwayoyin, wanda shi ne ta zuwa yanzu mafi talauci gane - yana da ƙwayoyin cuta. Ilimin da virology - biyu a hankali m Categories microbiological sciences, wanda nazarin pathogenic kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta da cewa zai iya sa tsanani cutar da kiwon lafiya na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta.

Virology sashe ne sosai m da hadaddun, saboda haka, ya cancanci a raba binciken.