Ilimin kimiyya ne kimiyya? Menene masu ilimin lissafi suke yi? Matsaloli na ilimin zamani

"Geology - hanyar rayuwa" - shi ne wata ila ka gaya fanning binciken kasa, amsa wata tambaya game da sana'a, kafin ya koma a kan su bushe kuma maras ban sha'awa da wording, bayyana cewa binciken kasa - wani kimiyya game da tsarin da kuma ri duniya, tarihin ta haihuwa, samuwar da kuma dokokin na ci gaba da zarar cikin m, kuma yanzu, alas, "kiyasta" da yalwar ta hanjinsu. Sauran duniyoyi na hasken rana tsarin ne ma wani abu na ma'aunan kasa gudanar da bincike.

Description of wani kimiyya sau da yawa fara da tarihin ta asalin da kuma samuwar, kulawa da gaskiya cewa labarin mai cike da m sharuddan da ma'anar, don haka shi ne na farko a kan isa yabo.

Akayi na yanki bincike

Mafi na kowa makirci na bincike jerin, a cikin abin da za ka iya "cram" duk ma'aunan kasa aiki da nufin gano ma'adinai adibas (da ISA), da gaske kamar haka: Sashen Binciken (Taswirar na outcrops na kankara da kuma yanki tsarin), da search aiki , da hankali, lissafi na reserves, ma'aunan kasa rahoton. Nasarawa, prospecting da bincike, bi da bi, ba shakka, zuwa kashi matakai, dangane da ikon yinsa, daga aiki da kuma game da su ya dace.

Domin gudanar da wani hadadden aikin hannu na dakarun kwararru da widest kewayon ma'aunan kasa fannoni, waxanda suke daga yanzu a fanning binciken kasa dole ne mallaka da yawa fiye da a matakin "kadan daga dukkan kõme," domin an fuskanci aiki don tara duk wannan m bayanai da kuma kyakkyawan zo ga gano ajiya ( ko sanya shi) kamar yadda binciken kasa - a kimiyya da karatu da irin ƙaunar da ƙasa a cikin na farko wuri domin ci gaba da albarkatun ma'adinai.

The iyali na yanki Sciences

Kamar sauran kimiyya (kimiyyar lissafi, ilmin halitta, sunadarai, labarin kasa, da sauransu. D.), Geology wakiltar wani sa na m da interwoven da juna kimiyya tarbiyya.

Kai tsaye zuwa Sashen batutuwa sun hada da janar da kuma yankin binciken kasa, mineralogy, tectonics, geomorphology, geochemistry, lithology, binciken burbushin halittu, petrology, petrography, gemology, stratigraphy, tarihi binciken kasa, crystallography, hydrogeology, marine binciken kasa, volcanology da sedimentology.

By aikace-aikace, methodological, fasaha, tattalin arziki da kuma sauran related ma'aunan kasa kimiyyar hada da aikin injiniya a fannin binciken kasa, seismology, petrophysics, glaciology, labarin kasa, a fannin binciken kasa, ma'adanai, geophysics, kasar gona kimiyya, geodesy, oceanography, oceanology, geostatistics, geotechnology, geoinformatics, geotechnology, kaya da kuma saka idanu ƙasar, ƙasar management, climatology, cartography, meteorology da kuma na yanayi sciences jerin.

"Pure", filin binciken kasa ya zauna sun fi mayar da siffatawa, shi ya dora a kan artist wani halin kirki da kuma da'a alhakin, sabili da haka, a fannin binciken kasa, sun ɓullo da nasu harshen, kamar sauran sciences, ba ba tare da philology, dabaru da kuma xa'a.

Tun da prospecting da bincike hanyoyi, musamman ma a cikin m yankunan - shi ne kusan unsupervised aiki, a fanning binciken kasa da yaushe fallasa su da jaraba na kayadadden, amma daidai kuma da kyau gabatar da farillai, ko karshe, kuma haka, da rashin alheri, da ya faru. M "kuskure" zai iya kai ga sosai tsanani sakamakon duka biyu da bincike da samar, kazalika da kayan aiki da kuma tattalin arziki sharuddan, sabili da haka, a fanning binciken kasa kawai yana da wani hakki a cikin rikici, murdiya da kuma kuskure a matsayin sapper ko likita.

Geoscience kashin gina up a wani matsayi jerin (geochemistry, mineralogy, crystallography, petrology, lithology, binciken kasa kuma a zahiri binciken burbushin halittu ciki har da tectonics, stratigraphy da kuma binciken kasa tarihi), nuna da matsayi na jẽre kara haduwar abubuwa daga nazarin kwayoyin zarra da kwayoyin da ƙasã a matsayin dukan.

Kowace daga cikin wadannan sciences suna yadu branched a daban-daban kwatance, kazalika da ainihin fannin binciken kasa ya hada da tectonics, stratigraphy da tarihi a fannin binciken kasa.

geochemistry

A ra'ayi na wannan kimiyya ne da matsaloli na rarraba abubuwa a cikin yanayi, hydrosphere da lithosphere.

Modern geochemistry ne a hadaddun na kimiyya tarbiyya, ciki har da na yankuna geochemistry, biogeochemistry da geochemical hanyoyin bincike na ma'adinai adibas. A batu na nazari ga dukan waɗannan tarbiyya ne da dokokin da hijirarsa daga abubuwa, su yanayi na taro, da rabuwa da kuma sake shaida, kazalika da matakai na ci gaba da halaye na abin da ya faru na kowane kashi ko kungiyoyi da dama sosai kama da kaddarorin.

Geochemistry dogara ne a kan dũkiyarsu da kuma atomic tsarin da crystalline abu a cikin bayanan a kan thermodynamic sigogi characterizing ɓangare na ɓawon burodi ko harsashi mutum, kazalika da janar alamu generated da thermodynamic tafiyar matakai.

Direct matsalar geochemical karatu a fannin binciken kasa - MPO ganewa, don haka da bincike aikin a kan tama ma'adanai dole gabãta da kuma tare da wani geochemical binciken, da sakamakon wanda ake kasaftawa jeri na watsarwa da amfani bangaren.

mineralogy

Daya daga cikin manyan kuma mafi tsufa sassan na ma'aunan kasa sciences, binciko sararin, da kyau, musamman mai ban sha'awa da kuma m duniyar ma'adanai. Mineralogical karatu, a raga, manufofin da hanyoyin wanda ya dogara a kan takamaiman ayyuka da za'ayi a duk matakai na prospecting da bincike da kuma hada mai fadi da kewayon hanyoyin da na gani kima na ma'adinai abun da ke ciki to electron bincike da madubin likita da X-ray bincikowa.

A harbi, saukarwa, prospecting da kuma bincike na MPO karatu ne gudanar domin sanin mineralogical search sharudda da kuma wani na farko kima na m muhimmancin m adibas.

A lokacin bincike mataki da ma'aunan kasa aiki a cikin kimantawa tama reserves da ba na ƙarfe ba ma'adanai kafa ta da cikakken ingantaccen da kuma gwada yawa ma'adinai abun da ke ciki na ganewa na amfani da cutarwa impurities wanda data an dauki la'akari lokacin da zabar wani magani fasahar ko ƙarshe game da ingancin albarkatun kasa.

Bugu da kari wani m nazarin abun da ke ciki na kankara, babban makasudin ne nazarin mineralogy ma'adanai hade alamu a cikin halitta ƙungiyoyi da kuma inganta ka'idojin systematics na ma'adinai jinsunan.

crystallography

Da zarar dauke bangare na crystallography mineralogy, da kuma a kusa mahada tsakanin halitta da kuma a bayyane, amma a yau shi ne mai zaman kanta kimiyya tare da kansa batu da kuma gudanar da bincike hanyoyin. Ayyuka ne a cikin Crystallography m nazarin tsarin, ta jiki da kuma Tantancewar kaddarorin da lu'ulu'u a lokacin da samuwar da kuma halaye na hulda da yanayi, kazalika da canje-canje faruwa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar tasirin daban-daban yanayi.

Kimiyya na lu'ulu'u ne raba su da physicochemical crystallography cewa karatu alamu na samuwar da kuma ci gaban da lu'ulu'u, da hali a karkashin yanayi daban-daban dangane da siffar da kuma tsari da kuma lissafi crystallography, wanda su ne batun lissafi dokokin hukumar da siffar da fasali na ƙarau.

tectonics

Tectonics ne daya daga cikin core topics na binciken kasa da karatu da tsarin da ɓawon burodi a tsarin sharuddan, da siffofin da samuwar da kuma ci gaba a kan backdrop na multiscale motsi, deformations, laifinsu, kuma dislocations sa da zurfin tafiyar matakai.

Tektonika kasu kashi yanki, tsarin (ilimin halittar jiki), tarihi da kuma amfani da rassan.

Regional shugabanci aiki Tsarin kamar dandamali, faranti, allon, folded yankin depressions tekuna da kuma tekuna, fasalin laifinsu, sabanin da zone da t. D.

A matsayin misali, yankin tsarin da tectonic shirin, wanda aka halin da binciken kasa na Rasha. A Turai bangare na kasar da aka located a kan Gabas-Turai dandali, hada da Precambrian igneous da metamorphic kankara. A ƙasa tsakanin Urals da Yenisey aka located a West Siberian dandali. Daga cikin Yenisei ga Lena kara Siberian Platform (Tsakiya Siberian Plateau). A folded yanki gabatar Ural-Mongolian, Pacific da kuma partially Alpide bel.

Morphological tectonics idan aka kwatanta da yankin nazarin tsarin da ƙananan domin.

Tarihin asalin da kuma samuwar na asali iri tsarin siffofin tekuna da nahiyoyi a tarihi Geotectonics.

Aikace-aikace yanki na tectonics hade da katin shaida na regularities daban-daban na ISA dangane da wasu iri morphological Tsarin da siffofin na su ci gaba.

The "mercantile" yanki ji laifuffukan a duniya ta ɓawon burodi ana daukarsa a matsayin rudopodvodyaschie tashoshi da kuma tama-iko dalilai.

binciken burbushin halittu

Ma'ana zahiri "da kimiyya na zamanin d halittun ', binciken burbushin halittu nazarin burbushin halittu da kuma ragowarsu kuma burbushi na rayuwa, yafi ga stratigraphic reshe na kankara na ɓawon burodi. A iyawa na binciken burbushin halittu sun hada da aiki na maido da zane-zane, nuna da aiwatar da nazarin halittu juyin halitta a kan tushen data samu a sakamakon maimaitawa na image, da nazarin halittu halaye, da hanyoyin da kiwo da kuma ciyar da tsoho kwayoyin.

Domin shakka akwai ayoyi na binciken burbushin halittu ne zuwa kashi paleozoology da paleobotany.

Kwayoyin masu kula canje-canje a cikin jiki-sinadaran sigogi na yanayi, don haka suna dogara Manuniya na yanayi a cikin abin da kankara da aka kafa. Daga wannan ya bi kusa dangane da binciken kasa da kuma binciken burbushin halittu.

Bisa m karatu tare da sakamakon determinations daga cikin cikakkar shekaru ma'aunan kasa tsarin hada geochronological sikelin, a cikin abin da tarihi na duniya ne zuwa kashi ma'aunan kasa dazamani (archaea, Proterozoic, Paleozoic, kuma Mezozoic Cainozoe). AD kasu kashi lokaci, kuma wadanda, bi da bi, raba cikin shekaru.

Muna zaune a cikin Pleistocene (20,000 shekaru da suka wuce zuwa yanzu) da Quaternary lokaci, wanda ya fara game da shekara miliyan 1 da suka wuce.

petrography

A binciken da na ma'adinai abun da ke ciki na igneous, metamorphic da sedimentary kankara, su textural da kuma tsarin halaye da hannu a cikin Farawa da petrography (petrology). Bincike da aka gudanar ta amfani da wani polarizing microscope a cikin haskoki wucewa polarized haske. A saboda wannan dalili samfurori na dutse yanka na bakin ciki (0,03-0,02 mm), wani farantin (bakin ciki sassan), sa'an nan gam da gilashi farantin da Canada balsam (Tantancewar halaye na guduro kusa ga waɗanda gilashin).

Ma'adanai zama m (mafi yawa), da kuma su na gani Properties, da ganewa na ma'adanai da kuma kankara na sharuddan. Kutse a cikin bakin ciki sashe images kama alamu a kaleidoscope.

A wuri na musamman a sake zagayowar na yanki Sciences daukan petrology na sedimentary kankara. Ta girma msar tambayar da m muhimmanci saboda gaskiyar cewa, batun bincike ne na zamani da kuma zamanin da (m) ruwan sama, wanda zauna game da 70% na Duniya ta surface.

aikin injiniya a fannin binciken kasa

Engineering binciken kasa - wani kimiyya game da fasali na abun da ke ciki, physico-sinadaran Properties na da samuwar, shaida da kuma muhimmancin da babba yadudduka na duniya ta ɓawon burodi, wanda shi ne alaka da tattalin arziki, yafi aikin injiniya da kuma yi aiki na mutum.

Engineering da ma'aunan kasa safiyo da nufin aiwatar da wani m da kuma Hadakar kima na ma'aunan kasa dalilai lalacewa ta hanyar mutum tattalin arziki aiki a tare da tare da na halitta ma'aunan kasa tafiyar matakai.

Idan muka tuna cewa, dangane da hanyar da manajan da kimiyyar yanayin halitta ya kasu kashi siffatawa da kuma m, da injiniya a fannin binciken kasa, ba shakka, yana nufin karshen, da bambanci ga da yawa daga data "gwarazansa a cikin shagon."

Marine binciken kasa

Ba za muyi adalci ya yi watsi da m reshe na binciken kasa da karatu da ma'aunan kasa tsarin da kuma halaye na duniya a ɓawon burodi, da bangaren na kasa na tekuna da ruwaye. Idan ka bi guntu da capacious definition, wanda faye hali binciken kasa (da nazari na Duniya), da Marine Geology - da kimiyya cikin teku (teku) kasa, rufe duk rassan da "ma'aunan kasa itace" (tectonics, petrography, lithology, tarihi da kuma quaternary binciken kasa, paleogeography , stratigraphy, geomorphology, geochemistry, geophysics, koyar game da ma'adanai, da dai sauransu ..).

Bincike a cikin teku, da tẽkuna aka gudanar da musamman sanye take jirãge, mobile teku hakowa raka'a da pontoons (a kan shiryayye). Domin daukan samfur, ban da hakowa, ta amfani da dredge, dredge guga-type da kuma kai tsaye-kwarara bututu. Tare da m na'urorin za'ayi da towed mai hankali da kuma ci gaba da daukar hoto, talabijin, girgizar kasa, da kuma magnetometric geolocation harbi.

A zamaninmu, da yawa daga cikin matsalolin da na kimiyyar zamani ba ta riga an warware, da kuma hada da kasa warwaruwa asirai na teku da kuma ta subsoil. Marine Geology girmama ba ne kawai domin kare kanka da kimiyya, "asirin zuwa bayyana", amma kuma su Master da babban ma'adinai da albarkatun teku.

Babban aiki na zamani msar tambayar reshe na marine binciken kasa ne nazarin tarihi na Oceanic ɓawon burodi da kuma katin shaida na babban dokokin ta ma'aunan kasa tsarin.

Historical Geology - da kimiyya da dokokin hukumar ci gaban da ɓawon burodi da kuma duniya a matsayin dukan a cikin tarihi foreseeable shude tun da samuwar wa yau. Nazarin tarihin samuwar tsarin da lithosphere yana da muhimmanci domin abin da ke faruwa a kan tectonic ƙungiyoyi da kuma deformations wakiltar muhimmanci dalilai bayar da tasu gudunmuwar da mafi yawan canje-canje da suka faru a duniya a baya ma'aunan kasa dazamani.

Yanzu, wani bayyani na binciken kasa, za ka iya koma zuwa gare shi asalinsu.

Yawon shakatawa a cikin tarihi na Duniya kimiyya

Yana da wuya a ce yadda ya zuwa yanzu baya millennia kafe tarihi a fannin binciken kasa, amma yayi kama dana Neanderthal san abin da yin wuka ko wani gatari, ta amfani da duwatsu ko obsidian (volcanic gilashin).

Tun lokacin m mutum zuwa ga tsakiyar XVIII karni shi dade pre-kimiyya mataki na jari da kuma samuwar ma'aunan kasa da ilmi ba, yafi na ores na karafa, da gina duwatsu, salts da ruwan karkashin kasa. A kan kankara, ma'adanai da ma'aunan kasa matakai a cikin fassarar da lokaci magana riga a zamanin da.

By da XIII karni a kasashen Asiya da aka tasowa dutsen crafts da fãra harsãshin tama karafa da kuma ilimi.

A cikin Renaissance (XV-XVI ƙarni.) Yarda da heliocentric view na duniya (Yahaya. Bruno, Galileo, samman), haife ma'aunan kasa misali N. Stenon, Leonardo Vinci da G. Bauer, da kuma tsara manufar cosmogony P . Descartes da Leibniz.

A cikin tsawon binciken kasa a matsayin kimiyya (XVIII-XIX ƙarni.) Ashe, cosmogonic jarrabawa na Laplace da Kant da ma'aunan kasa ideas M. V. Lomonosova, G. Buffon. Haife stratigraphy (I. Lehmann, G. Fyuksel) da kuma binciken burbushin halittu (JB Lamarck, B. Smith), muhimmanci tasowa crystallography (RJ Haüy, MV Lomonosov), mineralogy (JJ Berzelius, A. Cronstedt, VM Severgin, K. F. Moos et al.), Sashen Taswirar fara.

farko ma'aunan kasa al'ummu da kasa da ma'aunan kasa da sabis halitta a cikin wannan lokaci.

Tun da na biyu da rabi na XIX da farkon XX karni mafi muhimmanci abubuwan da suka faru sun da ma'aunan kasa lura da Charles Darwin, da kafa rukunan na dandamali da kuma geosynclines, fitowan palaeogeography, petrography cin kayan aiki, kwayoyin da msar tambayar mineralogy, abin da ya faru na magma Concepts da kuma koyarwar tama adibas. Mai fara fito fili binciken kasa da geophysics samun lokacinta (magnetometry, gravimetry, seismometry da seismology). A 1882, da Sashen kwamitin Rasha da aka kafa.

Modern Geology lokaci na ci gaba ya fara a tsakiyar XX karni, a lokacin da kimiyya na Duniya ya soma kwamfuta fasaha da kuma ya samu sabon dakin gwaje-gwaje kayan aiki, kayan aiki da hardware, kyale ka ka ci gaba da ma'aunan kasa da Geophysical nazarin teku kuma mafi kusa taurari.

A mafi fice kimiyya nasarori sun ka'idar metasomatic karba-karba Korzhinsky, da rukunan da facies metamorphism ka'idar Strakhov a iri Lithogenesis, gabatarwar geochemical hanyoyin da prospecting for tama adibas da sauransu.

A karkashin shugabancin AL Yanshina, N. S. Shatskogo kuma A. A. Bogdanova Ya yawon shakatawa tectonic taswirar Turai da kuma Asiya, sanya up paleogeographic atlases.

An ɓullo da manufar wani sabon duniya tectonics (JT Wilson G. Hess, V. E. Hain da dai sauransu ...), Far gaba ya tako geodynamics, aikin injiniya a fannin binciken kasa da hydrogeology, kayyade wani sabon shugabanci a fannin binciken kasa - muhalli, wanda a yau ya zama wani fifiko.

Modern matsaloli a fannin binciken kasa

Yau, da yawa na asali al'amurran da suka shafi na ilimin kimiyya na zamani al'amurran da suka shafi kasance warware matsalar ba, kuma wadannan abubuwan ba su kasa da wani mutum ɗari. Muna magana ne game da nazarin halittu Dalili na sani, da asirai na memory, da yanayi na lokaci da kuma nauyi, asalin taurari, black ramukan da kuma yanayin sauran cosmic abubuwa. A cikin binciken kasa rabo ragu da yawa matsalolin da cewa yanzu ba su fahimta. Wannan ya shafi yafi tsarin da kuma tsara na sararin duniya, kazalika da matakai abin da ke faruwa a ciki da Duniya.

Yau Geology darajar ƙaruwa saboda da bukatar kula da lissafin kudi na girma barazana da catastrophic ma'aunan kasa sakamakon na unsustainable tattalin arziki aiki, m matsalolin muhalli.

Sashen samuwar a Rasha

Da samuwar na zamani ma'aunan kasa samuwar a Rasha ake dangantawa da bude daga cikin St. Petersburg Corps na Mining Engineers (Future na Mining Institute) da kuma kafa na Moscow University, da kuma yawan lokacin da ya fara a 1930, da aka kafa a Birnin Leningrad, ya, sa'an nan canjawa wuri zuwa Moscow Cibiyar Geology (yanzu gin AH CCCP).

Yau Sashen Institute ne manyan cibiyoyin bincike a fagen stratigraphy, lithology, tectonics da ma'aunan kasa tarihi na sake zagayowar of Sciences. Babban ayyuka dangantaka da ci gaban da hadaddun muhimman hakkokin matsaloli na tsarin da kuma samuwar Oceanic da nahiyar ɓawon burodi, da binciken na juyin dutse samuwar nahiyoyin da sedimentation a cikin teku, geochronology, da duniya hulda da ma'aunan kasa matakai da kuma mamaki, da sauransu.

Af, da gada na gin ya mineralogical Museum, sake masa suna a 1898 a cikin Museum of Geology, sa'an nan a 1912 a cikin yanki da kuma mineralogical Museum. Petra Velikogo.

Tun kafuwar kafuwar ma'aunan kasa samuwar a Rasha da aka bisa ga ka'ida Trinity: kimiyya - koyarwa - yi. Wannan manufa, duk da hargitsi na perestroika, ilimi binciken kasa ya zama a yau.

A 1999, da shawarar da Board of ma'aikatar ilimi da kuma albarkatun kasa na Rasha soma manufar wani yanki samuwar wanda ya wuce approbation a makarantun da kuma samar da teams, "girma" ma'aunan kasa sandarka.

Yau mafi girma ma'aunan kasa ilimi shi ne samuwa a cikin fiye da 30 Rasha jami'o'i.

Kuma bari tafi "to gano taiga" ko barin "a cikin sweltering steppe" a zamaninmu - shi ne ba kamar yadda babbar kamar yadda sau daya, aikin, a fanning binciken kasa ya so ta, saboda "farin ciki, wani saba da wata azãba mai ma'ana da hanya" ...