Nobel Prize na Einstein don ka'idar photoelectric sakamako

A cikin tarihin kimiyyar duniya yana da wuyar gano masanin kimiyya na sikelin kamar Albert Einstein. Duk da haka, hanyarsa zuwa daraja da yarda da duniya ba sauki. Yana da kyau a ce Albert Einstein ya lashe kyautar Nobel ne kawai bayan an ba shi kyauta fiye da sau 10 ba.

Binciken ɗan littafin baƙo

An haifi Albert Einstein a ranar 14 ga Maris, 1879 a cikin garin Jamus a garin Ulm na Jamus. Mahaifinsa ya fara aiki ne a cikin samar da mattresses, kuma bayan ya koma Munich ya bude wani kamfanin da ya sayi kayan lantarki.

Lokacin da yake da shekaru 7, Albert ya aika zuwa makarantar Katolika, sa'an nan kuma zuwa gidan wasan motsa jiki, wanda a yau ake kira sunan babban masanin kimiyya. Bisa ga tunawa da abokan aiki da malamai, bai nuna matuƙar himmar karatu ba kuma yana da alamomi mai yawa a cikin ilimin lissafi da Latin. A shekara ta 1896, Einstein ya shiga cikin ilimin tauhidi a Zurich Polytechnic daga ƙoƙari na biyu, tun da yake yana so ya yi aiki a matsayin malamin kimiyya a baya. A nan ne ya ba da lokaci sosai don nazarin ka'idar zaɓin mai amfani na Maxwell. Kodayake ba zai iya yiwuwa a manta da ikon Einstein ba, tun lokacin da aka samu takardar shaidar, babu wani malamin da zai so ya zama mataimaki. Bayan haka, masanin kimiyya ya lura cewa a Zurich Polytechnic an hana shi da kuma bi da shi saboda halin da ya dace.

Da farko daga cikin hanyar zuwa daraja a duniya

Bayan kammala karatun, Albert Einstein na dogon lokaci ba zai iya samun aikin ba har ma da yunwa. Duk da haka, a lokacin wannan lokacin ya rubuta da kuma buga aikinsa na farko.

A 1902, masanin kimiyya mai zuwa na gaba ya fara aiki a ofishin Batent. Shekaru uku bayan haka ya wallafa littattafai guda uku a cikin babban jaridar Jamus "Annals of Physics", wanda aka gane a baya a matsayin mai hargitsi na juyin juya halin kimiyya. A cikin su ya kafa harsashin ka'idar ka'idar, ka'idodin mahimmanci, wanda daga bisani ka'idar Einstein na tasirin photoelectric ta fito daga bisani, da kuma ra'ayoyinsa game da bayanin lissafi na launin Brownian.

Binciken juyin juya halin Einstein

Dukkan abubuwa uku na masanin kimiyya, wanda aka buga a 1905 a cikin "Annals of Physics", ya zama batun tattaunawa mai tsanani tsakanin abokan aiki a cikin shagon. Abubuwan da ya gabatar ga al'ummar kimiyya sun cancanci kawo kyautar Nobel ga Albert Einstein. Duk da haka, ba a gane su nan da nan ba a makarantun kimiyya. Idan wasu daga cikin masana kimiyya ba su tallafa wa abokin aiki ba, to, an sami babban ƙungiyar likitoci wadanda, a matsayin masu gwaji, sun bukaci su gabatar da sakamakon binciken.

Lambar Nobel

Jim kadan kafin mutuwarsa, marubucin da aka sani da sunan Alfred Nobel ya rubuta wasiƙa, bisa ga abin da dukiyarsa ta canja zuwa wata asusun musamman. Wannan kungiya ya kamata a gudanar da zaɓen 'yan takara a kowace shekara don bayar da kyaututtuka mai yawa ga waɗanda "waɗanda suka kawo mafi girma ga' yan Adam" ta hanyar yin bincike mai mahimmanci a fannin ilimin lissafi, ilmin kimiyya, da ilimin kimiyya ko magani. Bugu da} ari, an bayar da kyautar ga mahaliccin aikin da ya fi kwarewa a fannin wallafe-wallafen, da kuma don taimakawa wajen haɗuwar al'ummomi, da rage yawan ƙarfin mayakan sojojin da "gabatar da zaman lafiya."

A cikin nufinsa, Nobel ta dage cewa, a lokacin da 'yan takarar za ~ e suka za ~ e, ba za a tuna da} asarsu ba, tun da yake bai so ya ba da lambar yabo ba.

A karo na farko da aka fara bikin Nobel a shekarar 1901. A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, irin wadannan masana kimiyya masu ban mamaki a matsayin laureates sun riga sun zama laureates:

• Wilhelm Roentgen .
• Hendrik Lorenz;
• Bitrus Zeeman;
• Antoine Becquerel;
• Pierre Curie;
• Marie Curie;
• John William Strett;
• Philippe Lenard;
• Joseph John Thomson;
• Albert Ibrahim Michelson;
• Gabriel Lippman;
• Guglielmo Marconi;
• Carl Brown.

Albert Einstein da kyautar Nobel: zaɓin farko

A karo na farko an zabi babban masanin kimiyyar wannan kyautar a 1910. Ya "kakanin" ya lashe kyautar Nobel a fannin ilmin sunadarai Wilhelm Ostwald. Abin sha'awa, shekaru 9 kafin wannan taron, wanda ya ƙi ya dauki Einstein don aiki. A cikin jawabinsa, ya jaddada cewa ka'idar zumunci ita ce zurfin kimiyya da ta jiki, kuma ba kawai hujjar falsafa ba, kamar yadda masu adawa da Einstein yayi kokarin gabatar da ita. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Ostwald ya kare wannan ra'ayi akai-akai, ya sake zaunar da shi har tsawon shekaru.

Kwamitin Nobel ya ƙi izinin Einstein, tare da tsarin cewa ka'idar danganta ba daidai ba daidai da duk waɗannan ka'idoji. Musamman, an lura cewa ya kamata mu jira don ƙarin tabbatar da gwajin gwaji.

Duk abin da yake, a 1910 an ba da lambar yabo ga Jan Van der Waals, domin samo asali na yanayin gas da ruwa.

Haɗuwa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa

A cikin shekaru 10 masu zuwa, an zabi Albert Einstein don kyautar Nobel kusan kowace shekara, ban da 1911 da 1915. A lokaci guda kuma, an danganta ka'idar zumunci a matsayin aikin da ya dace da wannan kyauta mai girma. Wannan shi ne yanayin da ya sa har ma masu zamani suyi shakkar yawan kyautar Nobel da Einstein ya samu.

Abin baƙin cikin shine, 3 daga cikin 5 daga cikin mambobin kwamitin Nobel daga Jami'ar Yaren mutanen Sweden na Uppsala, wanda aka sani da babbar makarantar kimiyya, wadanda wakilan su sunyi matukar cigaba wajen inganta kayan ƙera kayan aiki da kayan gwaji. Sun kasance masu tsattsauran ra'ayi masu tsarki. Su "wanda aka azabtar" ba kawai Einstein kadai ba. Ba a ba kyautar Nobel ga masanin kimiyya mai ban mamaki Henri Poincare, kuma Max Planck ya karbi shi a 1919 bayan tattaunawa da yawa.

Hasken rana ta hasken rana

Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, yawancin masana kimiyyar sun bukaci tabbatar da gwaji akan ka'idar dangantakar. Duk da haka, a wancan lokacin ba zai iya yin hakan ba. Rana ta taimaka. Ma'anar ita ce, domin tabbatar da gaskiyar ka'idar Einstein, an bukaci a hango halin halayen abu tare da babban taro. Ga waɗannan dalilai rana ta fi dacewa. An yanke shawarar gano matsayi na taurari a lokacin fitowar rana, wanda zai faru a watan Nuwambar 1919, kuma ya kwatanta su da "saba". Sakamakon ya tabbatar ko kwance gaban fuska na lokaci-lokaci, wanda shine sakamakon ka'idar dangantakar.

An shirya shiri don tsibirin tsibirin Princip da kuma na yankunan Brazil. Matakan da aka yi a cikin minti 6, yayin da alfijir ya ƙare, Eddington ya yi nazari. A sakamakon haka, an rinjayi ka'idar gargajiya ta Newtonian ta sararin samaniya kuma ta maye gurbin Einstein's.

Lissafi

1919 shine lokaci na nasarar Einstein. Ko da Lorenz, wanda ya kasance da shakka ga ra'ayoyinsa, ya amince da darajar su. A lokaci daya tare da Niels Bohr da sauran masana kimiyya 6 da ke da damar da za su zabi abokan aiki don kyautar Nobel, ya yi magana a cikin goyon bayan Albert Einstein.

Duk da haka, siyasa ta dame shi a cikin al'amarin. Kodayake yake bayyana ga kowa da kowa, dan takarar da ya fi cancanta shine Einstein, kyautar Nobel a Physics, don 1920, da aka baiwa Charles Edouard Guillaume, don bincikar abubuwan da suka faru a cikin nickel da allo.

Duk da haka, gardamar ta ci gaba, kuma a bayyane yake cewa duniya ba za ta fahimci idan masanin kimiyya ya bar ba tare da sakamako mai cancanta ba.

Nobel Prize da Einstein

A shekara ta 1921, yawan masana kimiyya wadanda suka gabatar da kyautar mahaliccin ka'idar ta kai ga apogee. Don Einstein ya bayyana mutane 14 da ke da damar da za su zabi masu neman izini. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'yan majalisar dokokin Sweden Eddington a cikin wasikarsa har ma idan aka kwatanta shi zuwa Newton kuma ya nuna cewa ya fi duk wadanda suke zamani.

Duk da haka, Kwamitin Nobel ya umurci ya bayar da rahoto game da muhimmancin ka'idar zumunci ga laureate a magani don 1911, Alvar Gulstrand. Wannan masanin kimiyyar, kasancewa farfesa a fannin ilimin kimiyya a Jami'ar Uppsala, da sharhi da kuma kuskuren ya soki Einstein. Musamman ma, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba a iya ɗaukar fitila mai haske ba a matsayin gwajin gaskiya na ka'idar Albert Einstein. Ya kuma yi kira don kada a yi la'akari da abubuwan da aka yi game da kogin Mercury. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ya yi fushi sosai da gaskiyar cewa tsawon ma'aunin ma'auni zai iya bambanta dangane da ko mai lura yana motsawa ko a'a, kuma a wane gudunmawar yake yi.

A sakamakon haka, ba a ba da kyautar Nobel a Einstein ba a 1921, kuma an yanke shawarar kada a biya kowa.

1922

Ajiye fuskar Nobel ta taimaka wa likitan kimiyya Karl Wilhelm Oseen daga Jami'ar Uppsala. Ya ci gaba da cewa ba kome ba ne, wanda Einstein zai karbi kyautar Nobel. A game da wannan, ya ba da shawara don ya ba shi "don gano doka na sakamako na photoelectric."

Ozen kuma ya shawarci mambobin kwamitin cewa a lokacin bikin 22 ne ba a ba Einstein ba. Nobel Prize a shekarar da ta gabata kafin shekarar 1921 ba a ba da kyauta ba, sabili da haka ya zama mai yiwuwa ya yi tasiri akan cancantar masana kimiyya biyu. Na biyu kuma shine Niels Bohr.

Einstein ya rasa kyautar bikin kyautar Nobel. Bayaninsa ya ce daga bisani, kuma ta damu da ka'idar dangantakar.

Yanzu ku san dalilin da ya sa Einstein ya karbi kyautar Nobel. Lokaci ya nuna muhimmancin binciken da wannan masanin kimiyyar na kimiyyar duniya take. Duk da cewa ba a ba da kyautar Nobel ga Einstein ba, zai shiga cikin tarihin tarihin duniya a matsayin mutumin da ya canza ra'ayoyin ɗan adam game da sarari da lokaci.