GIS shine ... Tsarin Gida na Geographic

GIS ne tsarin zamani wanda ke da ikon nuna yanayin su akan taswira. A zuciya na wannan muhimmanci dukiya ne amfani da biyu fasahar: yanayin bayanai da kuma duniya sakawa. Idan na'urar ta hannu tana da mai karɓar GPS mai haɗawa, to, tare da wannan na'urar yana yiwuwa don ƙayyade wurinta kuma, sabili da haka, daidaitattun GIS na kanta. Abin takaici, fasaha da fasaha na geoinformation a cikin harsunan kimiyya na harshen Rashanci suna wakiltar ƙananan littattafan, sabili da haka, babu kusan wani bayani game da algorithms da ke da tasirin aikin su.

Ƙayyade na GIS

Ƙididdigar tsarin tsarin ilimin geoinformation yana dogara ne akan ka'idar yankin:

1. Global GIS da ake amfani da su hana mutum da aka yi da kuma bala'o'i tun 1997. Mun gode wa waɗannan bayanai, yana yiwuwa a cikin gajeren lokacin da za ku iya kwatanta lalacewar bala'i, ku tsara shirin da za a kawar da sakamakon, ku binciki lalacewar da aka lalata da asarar mutum, da kuma shirya ayyukan agaji.
2. Regional Geographic Information System ɓullo da a birni matakin. Yana ba da damar hukumomin gida su yi la'akari da ci gaban wani yanki. Wannan tsarin yana nuna kusan dukkanin muhimman wurare, alal misali, zuba jari, dukiya, kewayawa da bayani, shari'a, da dai sauransu. Har ila yau, ya kamata a lura da cewa godiya ga yin amfani da waɗannan fasahar, ya zama mai yiwuwa ya zama abin tabbatar da lafiyar rayuwar dukan jama'a. An yi amfani da tsarin ilimin geoin na yanki da kyau a halin yanzu, don taimakawa wajen janyo hankalin jari da bunkasa tattalin arzikin yankin.

Kowace ƙungiyoyi da aka bayyana a sama suna da wasu takunkumin:

• GIS na duniya ya hada da tsarin kasa da kasa, yawanci tare da matsayin jihar.
• A cikin yanki - gida, yanki, yanki.

Ana iya samun bayani game da waɗannan tsare-tsaren bayanai a sassa na musamman na cibiyar sadarwa, wanda ake kira geoportals. An sanya su a cikin yanki don nazari ba tare da wani hani ba.

Mahimmin aiki

Ka'idodin bayanai na geographic suna aiki akan tsarin tattarawa da tasowa wani algorithm. Yana ba ka damar nuna motsi na wani abu a kan tashar GIS, ciki har da motsi wayar hannu a cikin tsarin gida. Domin wakiltar wani batu a cikin zane-zane, kana bukatar ka san akalla jagorori biyu - X da Y. A yayin da kake nuna motsi akan wani abu a kan taswirar, zaka buƙatar ƙayyadadden jerin haɗin kai (Xk da Yk). Ya kamata masu nuna alama su dace da wasu lokuttan lokaci na GIS na gida. Wannan shine dalili don ƙayyade wuri na abu.

Za'a iya fitar da wannan jerin jerin daga hanyar NMEA na mai karɓar GPS, wadda ta ɗauki ainihin motsi a ƙasa. Saboda haka, tushen tushen algorithm da aka yi la'akari a nan shi ne amfani da bayanan NMEA-fayilolin tare da daidaituwa akan yanayin abu a kan wani yanki. Ana iya samun bayanai mai mahimmanci saboda samfurin gyare-gyaren tsarin motsi bisa ga gwaje-gwajen kwamfuta.

GIS Algorithms

Tsarin gine-ginen suna gina a kan bayanan farko, wanda aka dauka don bunkasa algorithm. Yawanci, wannan tsari ne (Xk da Yk) daidai da wasu nau'i na abu a cikin nau'i na fayil na NMEA da tashar GIS na dijital a shafin da aka zaba. Ayyukan shine don samar da wani algorithm wanda ya nuna motsin motsi. A cikin wannan takarda, mun yi la'akari da algorithms guda uku da suka dace da maganin matsalar.

• Na farko GDP algorithm shine nazarin bayanan NMEA-file don cire jerin jerin (Xk da Yk) daga gare shi,
• Ana amfani da algorithm na biyu don lissafin kusurwar abu, yayin da aka karanta sita daga shugabanci zuwa gabas.
• Na uku algorithm shi ne don sanin hanyar da wani abu zumunta da ƙasashe na duniya.

Tsakanin algorithm: babban ra'ayi

Hanyoyin algorithm na kowa don yin taswirar motsi na wani abu a kan tashar GIS ya hada da algorithms guda uku da aka bayyana a sama:

• Analysis na bayanan NMEA;
• Ƙididdigar kusurwar tafiya;
• Tabbatar da hanya ta wani abu dangi ga kasashe a duniya.

Tsarin bayanai na geographic tare da algorithm na kowacce an sanye shi tare da mahimmancin kulawa - Timer. Ayyukansa na musamman shine cewa yana ba da damar shirin don samar da abubuwa a lokaci na lokaci. Tare da taimakon irin wannan abu, zaka iya saita lokaci da ake buƙata don yin wani tsari na hanyoyin ko ayyuka. Alal misali, don ƙididdiga lokaci na lokaci ɗaya na biyu, dole ne ka saita maɓallin lokaci na lokaci:

• Timer.Interval = 1000;
• Timer.Enabled = Gaskiya.

A sakamakon haka, za a kaddamar da kowace hanya ta hanyar yin amfani da layin X, Y na abu daga fayil na NMEA, wanda sakamakon wannan ma'anar tare da bayanan da aka karɓa aka nuna a tashar GIS.

Yaya lokaci yayi aiki

Amfani da tsarin tsarin geoinformation kamar haka:

1. Ana nuna maki uku a taswirar tashoshin (alama - 1, 2, 3), wanda ya dace da yanayin da ke cikin lokuta daban-daban tk2, tk1, tk. Ana haɗuwa da su ta hanyar layi.
2. Ana iya canzawa da kashe ta lokaci akan sarrafa motsi na wani abu a kan taswira ta hanyar maɓallin da aka kunna ta mai amfani. Za'a iya nazarin ma'anar su da wasu hade bisa tsarin.

Fayil na NMEA

Bari mu yi bayani a taƙaice abin da ke cikin fayil na NMEA GIS. Wannan abu ne da aka rubuta a cikin tsarin ASCII. A gaskiya ma, yarjejeniya ce don musayar bayanai tsakanin mai karɓar GPS da wasu na'urorin, kamar PC ko PDA. Kowace saƙon NMEA yana farawa tare da alamar $ ɗin nan da bayanan nau'i na nau'i biyu (don mai karɓar GPS - GP) kuma ya ƙare tare da jerin \ r \ n - halin dawowa da karye da sabon layi. Daidaita bayanai a cikin sanarwa ya dogara da irin sakon. Dukkan bayanan da aka ƙunshe a cikin layin daya, tare da filayen da ke rabu da ƙira.

Domin fahimtar yadda tsarin tsarin keyi, ya isa ya yi nazarin saƙon da aka yi amfani dashi irin su $ GPRMC, wanda ya ƙunshi wani ƙayyadaddun tsari amma na ainihi: wuri na abu, gudunta da lokaci.
Bari muyi la'akari da wani misali, wane bayanin da ke ciki an tsara shi:

• Kwanan wata da kayyade abubuwan da aka tsara a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 2015;
• Hanya na UTC ta duniya na tabbatar da daidaito - 10h 54m 52s;
• Mai kula da abu - 55 ° 22.4271 'N Kuma 36 ° 44.1610 'E.

Muna jaddada cewa an tsara nauyin abu a cikin digiri da minti, an ba da lambar karshe tare da daidaitattun wurare hudu (ko dot a matsayin mai rabuwa na ɓangaren lamba da ɓangarori na ainihi a cikin tsarin Amurka). A nan gaba, yana da muhimmanci cewa a cikin NMEA fayil din latin wurin wurin abu ya kasance a cikin matsayi bayan tazarar ta uku, da kuma tsawon lokaci - bayan na biyar. A karshen sakon yana daukar kwayar cutar checksum bayan da alama '*' a cikin nau'i na biyu hexadecimal lambobi - 6C.

Geoinformation tsarin: misalai na tattara wani algorithm

La'akari da algorithm NMEA-fayil bincike domin zakulo wani sa na tsarawa (X kuma Yk), m ga tafarkin yunkuri na abu. An haɗa shi da matakai masu yawa.

Tabbatar da shawarar Y game da abu

NMEA Data Analysis Algorithm

Mataki na 1. Karanta layin GPRMC daga fayil na NMEA.

Mataki na 2. Nemo matsayi na karo na uku a layin (q).

Mataki na 3. Nemo matsayi na karo na hudu a layin (r).

Mataki na 4. Nemo alamar ma'auni (t) farawa a matsayi q.

Mataki na 5. Cire wani hali daga layin a matsayin (r + 1).

Mataki na 6. Idan wannan hali ne W, to an sanya Tsarin Arewa na Arewa zuwa 1, in ba haka ba -1.

Mataki na 7. Cire (r- + 2) haruffan layin farawa a matsayi (t-2).

Mataki na 8. Cire (tq-3) haruffan kirtani da ke farawa a matsayin (q + 1).

Mataki na 9. Sauya igiyoyi zuwa lambobi na ainihi kuma lissafta yayyadon Y na abu a cikin ma'auni na radian.

Tabbatar da ƙayyadaddun X na abu

Mataki na 10. Nemo matsayi na karo na biyar a layi (n).

Mataki na 11. Nemo matsayi na karo na shida a layin (m).

Mataki na 12. Nemo alamar ma'auni (p) farawa a matsayi n.

Mataki na 13. Cire wani hali daga layi a cikin matsayi (m + 1).

Mataki na 14. Idan wannan hali ya kasance daidai da 'E', sa'annan mai iyaka EasternHemisphere ya sami darajar 1, in ba haka ba -1.

Mataki na 15. Cire (m-p + 2) nau'in kirki mai farawa a matsayi (p-2).

Mataki na 16. Sauke (p-n + 2) haruffan layin da ke farawa (n + 1).

Mataki na 17. Sauya igiyoyi zuwa lambobi na ainihi kuma lissafin daidaitawar X na abu a cikin ma'auni na radian.

Mataki na 18. Idan ba a karanta fayil ɗin NMEA ba, je zuwa mataki na 1, in ba haka ba zuwa mataki na 19.

Mataki na 19 Ka kammala algorithm.

A matakan 6 da 16 na wannan algorithm, Arewacin Hemisphere da EasternHemisphere masu canji ana amfani dashi don ƙuƙwalwar wuri na wani abu a duniya. A arewacin (kudancin) yammancin duniya NorthernHemisphere m daukan darajar 1 (-1), da bi, kamar wancan a gabas (yammacin) yammancin duniya EasternHemisphere - 1 (-1).

Aikace-aikacen GIS

Amfani da tsarin tsarin ilimin geoinformation yana tartsatsi a wurare da dama:

• Geology da zane-zane;
• Ciniki da ayyuka;
• Cadastre;
• Tattalin arziki da kulawa;
• Tsaro;
• Injiniya;
• Ilimi, da dai sauransu.