Genetics ne ... Genetics da kiwon lafiya. Hanyar Genetics

Genetics kimiyya ce wadda ke nazarin dabi'u na watsa labarun daga iyaye zuwa zuriya. Wannan horo kuma yana la'akari da dukiyarsu da ikon canzawa. A wannan yanayin, sassa na musamman - kwayoyin halitta - aiki a matsayin masu sakon bayanai. A halin yanzu, kimiyya ta tara cikakkun bayanai. Yana da sassan da dama, kowannensu yana da nasa ayyuka da abubuwa na bincike. A mafi muhimmanci sassan: gargajiya, kwayoyin, likita halittar jini da kuma kayyade aikin injiniya.

Na al'ada Genetics

Kwayoyin gargajiya na kimiyya ne. Wannan dukiya na dukkanin kwayoyin suna aikawa a yayin haifar da alamun su na waje da alamun ciki ga 'ya'yan. Kwayoyin gargajiya na yau da kullum suna hulɗar da bincike akan canji. An bayyana shi a cikin rashin lafiyar cututtuka. Wadannan canje-canje suna tara daga tsara zuwa tsara. Sai kawai saboda wannan kwayoyin halitta ba zasu iya dacewa da canje-canje a yanayin su ba.

Bayanin bayanan kwayoyin halittu yana cikin kwayoyin. A halin yanzu, ana la'akari da su daga ra'ayi na kwayoyin halitta. Kodayake waɗannan al'amura sun tashi tun kafin bayyanar wannan sashe.

Ma'anar "maye gurbin", "DNA", "chromosomes", "canji" ya zama sananne a cikin binciken da yawa. Yanzu sakamakon abubuwan da suka faru a shekarun baya sun bayyana, amma duk lokacin da aka fara tare da bazuwar bazuwar. Mutane suna neman shan shanu tare da samar da madara mai yawa, aladu da tumaki da yawa da ulu da ulu. Waɗannan su ne farkon, ba ma kimiyya ba, gwaje-gwaje. Duk da haka, wajibi ne wadanda suka haifar da bayyanar irin wannan kimiyya a matsayin jinsin gargajiya. Har zuwa karni na 20, hayewa shine kawai hanyar da aka sani da kuma hanyoyin da za a iya ganowa. Sakamakon sakamakon kwayoyin halitta wanda ya zama babban nasara na kimiyya na zamani.

Kwayoyi na kwayoyin halitta

Wannan wani ɓangare ne wanda ke nazarin duk dokokin da aka sauko da matakai a matakin kwayoyin. Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci daga dukkan rayayyun halittu shine halayensu, wato, suna iya yin amfani da su daga tsara zuwa tsara don kare nau'ikan siffofin tsarin kwayoyin su, da kuma alamu na canje-canje da kuma amsa ga tasirin abubuwa daban-daban na muhalli. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa a matakin kwayoyin, rikodin abubuwa na musamman kuma riƙe duk bayanan da aka karɓa, sannan kuma aika shi zuwa tsara na gaba yayin tsari. Sakamakon wadannan abubuwa da binciken su na gaba ya yiwu ne saboda nazarin tsarin tantanin tantanin halitta a matakin sinadarin. Don haka aka gano acid nucleic - tushen asalin kwayoyin halitta.

Binciken "kwayoyin haɗin kai"

Kwayoyin zamani sun san komai game da kwayoyin nucleic, amma, ba shakka bane ba haka ba. Da farko zaton cewa sunadarai za a iya danganta su da haɗin kai, an gabatar da ita kawai a cikin karni na 19. Binciken wannan matsala a wannan lokacin ya shiga masana kimiyya F. Misher da 'yan uwa na Gertwigi. A shekara ta 1928, masanin kimiyya na gida NK Koltsov, ya bada kansa kan sakamakon bincike, ya nuna cewa duk dukiyar da ke cikin kwayoyin halittu masu rai ne da aka kafa da kuma kasancewa a cikin "kwayoyin halittu". A lokaci guda kuma ya bayyana cewa wadannan kwayoyin suna kunshe da haɗe-haɗe da umarnin, waɗanda, a gaskiya, su ne kwayoyin halitta. Wannan shi ne shakka nasara. Koltsov kuma ya ƙaddara cewa waɗannan "kwayoyin halittu" sun kasance a cikin kwayoyin halitta a cikin sassan da ake kira chromosomes. Daga bisani, an tabbatar da wannan tsinkaya kuma ya ba da hankali ga cigaban kimiyya a karni na 20.

Ci gaban kimiyya a karni na 20

Ci gaba da jinsin halitta da kuma ci gaba da bincike ya haifar da wasu abubuwa masu muhimmanci. An gano cewa kowace ƙwayoyin chromosome a cikin tantanin halitta yana dauke da kwayoyin DNA guda ɗaya, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'i biyu. Ƙungiyoyinta masu yawa sune kwayoyin halitta. Babban aikin su shi ne cewa suna saka idanu game da tsarin gina jiki-enzymes. Amma fahimtar bayanin da aka raba a wasu alamomi yana faruwa tare da sanya wani nau'i na nau'in nucleic acid - RNA. An hada shi akan DNA kuma tana cire takardun daga kwayoyin. Har ila yau yana canja bayani ga ribosomes, inda ake kira sunadaran enzyme. DNA tsarin da aka samu a 1953, da kuma RNA - a lokacin daga shekarar 1961 zuwa 1964.

Tun daga wannan lokacin, kwayoyin halitta sun fara samuwa a cikin tsalle da iyakoki. Wadannan binciken sun zama tushen abin bincike, sakamakon abin da aka samo asalin abubuwan da aka ba da shi ga bayanai. Ana aiwatar da wannan tsari a matakin kwayoyin cikin kwayoyin halitta. Har ila yau, an samo sabon bayani game da adana bayanai a cikin kwayoyin halitta. A tsawon lokaci, an gano yadda DNA kwafi sunadaran faruwa kafin cell division (kwafi), da bayanai karatu matakai kwayoyin na RNA (kwafi), da kira na gina jiki enzymes (watsa shirye-shirye). Har ila yau, an gano ka'idojin canji da kuma rawar da suke takawa cikin yanayin ciki da waje na kwayoyin halitta.

Kaddara tsarin DNA

Hanyar hanyoyin jinsin ci gaba da ci gaba. Babban nasara mafi muhimmanci shi ne tsarin da aka tsara na DNA na chromosomal. Ya bayyana cewa akwai nau'i biyu na sassan sarkar. Sun bambanta da juna a wurin da ake kira nucleotides. A cikin nau'i na farko, kowane shafin yana da mahimmanci, wato, shi ne na musamman. Na biyu ya ƙunshi nau'i daban-daban na jerin maimaita akai-akai. An kira su da saitawa. A shekara ta 1973, an kafa cewa yankunan musamman suna katsewa akan wasu kwayoyin. A kashi ko da yaushe ƙare tare da maimaitawa. Wannan rata ya haɗu da wasu sunadaran enzymatic, shine su "daidaita" RNA lokacin karanta bayanai daga DNA.

Sakamakon farko na aikin injiniya na kwayoyin halitta

Sabbin sababbin hanyoyi na kwayoyin halitta sun haifar da ƙarin binciken. An bayyana duk wani abu na musamman na dukkan abubuwa masu rai. Yana da game da ikon gyara wuraren da aka lalata a cikin sarkar DNA. Za su iya tashi saboda sakamakon tasiri daban-daban. Rashin ikon gyarawa an kira "tafarkin gyaran kwayoyin". A halin yanzu, masana kimiyya masu yawa sun bayyana ainihin gaskiyar game da yiwuwar "janye" wasu kwayoyin daga tantanin halitta. Menene wannan zai ba? Da farko dai, ikon iya kawar da lahani na kwayoyin halitta. Kayan aikin injiniya yana hulɗar da waɗannan matsalolin.

Hanyar sabuntawa

Magungunan kwayoyin halitta suna nazarin hanyoyin aiwatar da bayanan haifar da bayanai a lokacin haifuwa. Ana adana adanawar rikodin rikodin da aka tsara a cikin jinsin ta hanyar haifuwa ta daidai lokacin rarraba cell. Ana nazarin cikakken tsari na wannan tsari. Ya bayyana cewa kafin rabuwa ya auku a cikin tantanin halitta, ana yin rikici. Wannan shine tsarin DNA sau biyu. An haɗa shi da cikakken takaddama na asali na kwayoyin asali bisa ga tsarin daidaitawa. An sani cewa akwai nau'o'in nucleotides guda hudu a cikin sashin DNA. Waɗannan su ne guanine, adenine, cytosine da kamine. Bisa ga tsarin hadin kai, masana kimiyya F. Krick da D. Watson suka gano a shekarar 1953, a tsarin tsarin sarkar DNA guda biyu ya dace da kamine, da kuma cytidyl nucleotide - guanyl. A lokacin aiwatar da tsari, kowanne sarkar DNA an yi daidai ta hanyar maye gurbin da ake bukata nucleotide.

Genetics ne mai inganci matashi kimiyya. An yi nazari akan tsari kawai a cikin 50s na karni na 20. A lokaci guda, an gano kwayar enzyme DNA polymerase. A cikin shekarun 1970s, bayan shekaru da yawa na bincike, an kafa cewa rikitarwa shine tsari mai yawa. A cikin kira na kwayoyin halittar DNA, nau'o'in DNA polymerases daban-daban sun shiga.

Genetics da kiwon lafiya

All bayanai alaka da sake kunnawa batu na kwayoyin bayanai a lokacin tsari na DNA kwafi, ana amfani da ko'ina a zamani likita yi. Tsarin binciken da aka yi nazari sosai shine halayyar duka kwayoyin lafiya da kuma matsalolin canji a cikin su. Alal misali, an tabbatar da ta gwaje-gwajen da kuma tabbatar da cewa da magani daga wasu cututtuka za a iya cimma ta da tasiri daga waje a kan matakai na kwafi na kayyade abu da kuma rarraban somatic Kwayoyin. Musamman idan irin abubuwan da ke tattare da aikin jiki suna hade da matakai na metabolism. Alal misali, cututtuka irin su rickets da rushewa na metabolism phosphorus suna haifar da kai tsaye ta hanyar zalunci na DNA rikitarwa. Yaya za ku iya canza yanayin nan daga waje? Magunguna da ke motsawa ƙaddamar da matakai sun riga sun hada da kuma gwada su. Suna kunna sabunta DNA. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen daidaitawa da kuma dawo da yanayin rashin lafiyar da ke tattare da cutar. Amma bincike na kwayoyin halitta ba ya tsaya ba. Kowace shekara, ana samun ƙarin bayanai, ba don taimakawa kawai don warkar da su ba, amma don hana cutar mai yiwuwa.

Genetics da magunguna

Kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta suna damu da abubuwa masu yawa na kiwon lafiya. Halittar wasu ƙwayoyin cuta da microorganisms shine irin wannan aiki a cikin jikin mutum a wani lokaci yana haifar da rashin aiki na yin amfani da DNA. An kuma tabbatar da cewa dalilin wasu cututtuka ba shine zalunci na wannan tsari ba, amma aikinsa mai tsanani. Da farko, waɗannan su ne cututtukan cututtuka da kwayoyin cuta. Suna haifar da gaskiyar cewa kwayoyin cututtuka sun fara ninka cikin sauri a cikin kwayoyin da suka shafi jiki. Har ila yau, a kan wannan cututtuka sune cututtuka masu illa.

A halin yanzu, akwai wasu kwayoyi da zasu iya hana DNA a cikin tantanin halitta. Yawancin su sun hada da masana kimiyyar Soviet. Ana amfani da wadannan magunguna a aikin likita. Wadannan sun haɗa da, misali, wani rukuni na kwayoyin cutar tarin fuka. Akwai maganin maganin rigakafin da zai hana matakai na rikitarwa da kuma rarraba kwayoyin halitta da kwayoyin halitta. Suna taimakawa jiki don magance jami'ai na waje da sauri, don hana su karuwa. Wadannan magunguna suna ba da kyakkyawan sakamako a cikin cututtuka masu tsanani. Aikace-aikacen musamman na waɗannan kayan aikin da ake samu a maganin ciwon sukari da ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyi. Wannan shi ne shugabanci mafi mahimmanci wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Genetics ta Rasha ta zaba. A kowace shekara, akwai sababbin sababbin kwayoyi waɗanda suke hana ci gaban ilimin ilimin halitta. Wannan yana ba da bege ga dubban mutane marasa lafiya a duniya.

Shirin rubutu da fassarar

Bayan gwajin gwaje gwaje gwaje-gwajen akan jinsin halittu da aka gudanar da kuma sakamakon sakamakon DNA da kwayoyin halitta a matsayin matrices don sunadarar sunadarin sunadarai, wasu masana kimiyya sunyi tunanin cewa amino acid sun hada zuwa kwayoyin da sukafi rikitarwa nan da nan, a cikin tsakiya. Amma bayan sun karbi sababbin bayanai sai ya zama a fili cewa wannan ba haka bane. Amino acid ba a gina su akan shafukan yanar gizo a DNA. An gano cewa wannan tsari mai mahimmanci ya fito ne a wasu matakai. Na farko, ainihin kofe - RNA bayanai - an cire su daga kwayoyin. Wadannan kwayoyin suna fitowa daga tsakiya daga cikin tantanin halitta kuma suna zuwa zuwa sassa na musamman - ribosomes. Yana kan wadannan kwayoyin halitta cewa tarawa da amino acid da sunadaran sunadaran sun faru. Hanyar samun takardun DNA an kira shi "rubutu." A kira na sunadarai a ƙarƙashin kula da bayanin RNA - "fassarar". Nazarin ainihin sassan wadannan matakai da ka'idodin tasirin su shine manyan matsaloli na yau a cikin kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta.

Muhimmin fassarar rubutu da fassarorin fassara a magani

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ya zama fili cewa yin la'akari da kullun dukkanin matakai na fassara da fassarar yana da mahimmanci ga kiwon lafiyar zamani. Cibiyar Nazarin Genetics na Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Rasha ta tabbatar da cewa tare da ci gaba da kusan kowace cuta, kira mai tsanani na guba da kuma kawai sunadarin sunadarai masu cutarwa ne na jiki. Wannan tsari zai iya faruwa a ƙarƙashin ikon kwayoyin da ke aiki a cikin al'ada. Ko dai wannan ita ce kiran da aka gabatar, wanda kwayoyin cututtuka da ƙwayoyin cuta suka shiga cikin sel da kyallen takalma na mutum. Har ila yau, samuwar sunadarin sunadarai zai iya taimakawa wajen bunkasa ƙananan halittu. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa nazari sosai akan dukkan matakai na fassara da fassara yana da muhimmanci a yanzu. Don haka zaka iya gano hanyar da za a yi yaki ba kawai tare da cututtukan cututtuka ba, har ma da ciwon daji.

Zamani na yau da kullum shine ci gaba da bincike akan hanyoyin bunkasa cututtuka da kwayoyi don maganin su. Yanzu ya yiwu ya hana fassarar fassara a cikin kwayoyin da aka shafi ko jiki a matsayin cikakke, saboda haka ya hana ƙumburi. Bisa mahimmanci, yana kan wannan kuma aikin da aka fi sani da maganin rigakafi, misali, tetracycline ko streptomycin, an gina shi. Duk wadannan kwayoyi sun hana matakan fassarawa a cikin sel.

Muhimmancin bincike kan hanyoyin tafiyar da kwayoyin halitta

Babban muhimmancin maganin likita ne kuma cikakken nazarin tsarin tafiyar da kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke da alhakin canja wuri da musayar yankuna na chromosome da kuma jinsin mutum. Wannan muhimmiyar mahimmanci ne wajen bunkasa cututtuka. Sakewar kwayoyin halitta yana biyo bayan shigarwa cikin kwayoyin halitta da kuma gabatarwa cikin DNA na wani dan hanya, sau da yawa maganin hoto, kayan abu. A sakamakon haka, sunadarai sunadarai a kan ribosomes ba '' '' '' ba ne ga kwayoyin, amma pathogenic ga kwayoyin. Wannan ka'idar ita ce haifuwa a cikin kwayoyin jikokin ƙwayoyin cuta. Hanyar Human Genetics mayar da hankali a kan ci gabantar da hanyoyin magance cututtuka da kuma su hana taron pathogenic ƙwayoyin cuta. Bugu da ƙari, haɗuwa da bayanai game da recombination kwayoyin halitta ya yiwu ya fahimci ka'idar musayar halitta tsakanin kwayoyin halitta, wanda ya haifar da bayyanar shuke-shuke da dabbobi.

Muhimmin kwayoyin halitta don ilmin halitta da magani

A cikin karni na ƙarshe, binciken farko a cikin al'ada, sa'an nan kuma a cikin kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta sunyi girma, har ma da tasiri mai karfi a kan ci gaba na kimiyyar halitta. Musamman magungunan gaba ne. Nasarar binciken binciken kwayoyin halitta ya sa ya fahimci sauye-sauye hanyoyin da ba a iya fahimta ba game da gadon dabi'un mutum da kuma ci gaba da siffofin mutum. Har ila yau, wannan mahimmancin irin wannan ilimin kimiyya ne daga ainihin mahimmanci game da ci gaba. Ya zama mafi muhimmanci ga maganin zamani. Binciken cikakken nazarin kwayoyin kwayoyin halitta ya zama tushen don fahimtar hanyoyin da ke faruwa a jikin masu haƙuri da mutumin lafiya. Ya kasance jinsin da ya ba da gudummawa wajen bunkasa irin wannan kimiyya a matsayin tsinkaye, microbiology, endocrinology, pharmacology da immunology.