Lantarki sanyi - asiri na atomic tsarin

A cikin kaka na 1910 Ernest Rutherford, mallaki by tunani, painfully kokarin fahimtar ciki tsarin da zarra. Ya gwajen watsawa na alpha barbashi bambancin abubuwa rinjawarwa tabbatar - zarra ne ba a cikin wasu, yau, iyalinsu unexplored, m jiki. A 1912, Rutherford zai kira shi da wani atomic tsakiya. The shugaban masanin kimiyya swarmed dubban tambayoyi. Abin lura yana da wannan unknown jiki? Mene ne yawan electrons da ake bukata domin tabbatar da nauyi?

A May 1911, Rutherford, aka buga wata kasida a kan tsarin da zarra, wanda tsammanin mai da muhimmanci sosai gargadi da cewa da zaman lafiyar na atomic tsarin ne iya dogara a kan tausasãwa na ciki tsarin da zarra da motsi na cajin gaɓũɓuwa, wanda suke ta muhimmanci tsarin bangaren. Kamar wancan ne aka haife ta na'urar sanyi - nukiliya electrons na atomic model. Wannan tsari shi aka qaddara domin taka rawa a invaluable nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi.

Lantarki sanyi - ne domin na rarraba electrons a kan atomic falakinsu. Godiya ga na bincike hankali da kuma juriyarsu Ernest Rutherford, wanda ya iya kare ra'ayin, kimiyya da aka wadãtar da sabon ilmi, da muhimmancin wanda ba za a iya overemphasized.

A lantarki sanyi zarra ne. A tsakiyar dukan tsarin da aka zubar a core kunshi wani daban-daban abu domin kowane adadin neutrons da protons. Kuma wannan shi ne saboda da kyau lura da tsakiya. Around shi dacewa concentric falakinsu matsawa electrons - barnatar da cajin na farko barbashi. Wadannan atomic falakinsu kuma ake kira bawo. The m kewayewa na zarra ne da ake kira valence. A yawan electrons a kan shi - valency.

Kowane lantarki sanyi na da abubuwa dabam da lambar da na electrons žunsa. Alal misali, wani mai sauqi qwarai al'amari a sararin samaniya - hydrogen - dauke daya kawai guda electron, oxygen zarra, - takwas da lantarki sanyi baƙin ƙarfe yana da ashirin da shida electrons.

Amma da muhimmanci ga lantarki model na zarra ba yawan electrons, da kuma abin da rike su tare kuma Yanã shigar da tsarin to aiki yadda ya kamata - da tsakiya da kuma abun da ke ciki. Yana bada abu core mutum halaye da kuma halaye. Electrons wani lokacin bar atomic model, sa'an nan zarra yakan mallaki wani m cajin (saboda da makaman nukiliya cajin). A wannan yanayin, da abu ba ya canza da kaddarorin. Amma idan ka canza abun da ke ciki na tsakiya, shi zai zama quite a daban-daban al'amari tare da daban-daban halaye. Yi wuya, amma har yanzu zai yiwu.

Tun da electron sanyi ba zai yiwu ba tare da ta babban tsarin kashi - da atomic tsakiya, ya kamata a jaddada. Yana da wannan tsakiyar kashi na atomic model suranta mutum dũkiyarsu da kuma halaye na wani sinadaran. Protons, waxanda suke da, a gaskiya, ba da zuciyar mai kyau cajin 1840 sau mutum fiye da wani daga cikin electron. Amma ikon da proton laifi sunã daidaita da cewa wani daga cikin electron. A jihar na auna daga cikin yawan protons a zarra ne yawan electrons. A wannan yanayin, da zuciyar ne m na sifili cajin.

Wani babbar barbashi kira wani neutron na atomic tsakiya. Shi ne wannan kashi wanda ba shi da wani cajin, sanya yiwu da makaman nukiliya sarkar dauki. Saboda haka to overestimate tamanin da neutron ne kawai zai yiwu ba.