Proton cajin - tushe darajar firamare barbashi kimiyyar lissafi

Idan kana saba da tsarin da zarra, ku yiwuwa san cewa zarra na wani kashi kunshi iri uku na farko barbashi: protons, electrons, neutrons. Protons hade tare neutrons samar da tsakiya na wani sinadari. Tun da lura da proton ne tabbatacce, da tsakiya ne ko da yaushe gaskiya ma da caji. A wutar lantarki na da atomic tsakiya cika girgije kewaye sauran na farko barbashi. A barnatar da cajin electron - wannan ne bangaren kwayoyin zarra da cewa stabilizes lura da wani proton. Ya danganta da yadda da yawa electrons kewaye tsakiya, da kashi iya zama ko dai electrically tsaka tsaki (a cikin hali na daidaita yawan protons da electrons a zarra), ko da wani tabbatacce ko korau cajin (a cikin hali na karancin ko wuce haddi electrons, bi da bi). kashi zarra qazanta wasu cajin, da ake kira ion.

Yana da muhimmanci a tuna cewa shi ne yawan protons ne m da kaddarorin abubuwa da kuma matsayin su a cikin lokaci-lokaci tebur shi. D. I. Mendeleeva. Dauke da tsakiya neutrons da wani cajin. Saboda gaskiya cewa taro na neutron , kuma proton dangantaka da kuma kusan daidai da juna, da kuma taro na electron ne negligible idan aka kwatanta da su (a 1836 sau kasa da taro na wani proton), da yawan neutrons a tsakiya ya mai da muhimmanci sosai rawa, wato, da kayyade kwanciyar hankali na tsarin da kuma kudi na lalata na rediyoaktif nuclei. Abun ciki na neutron ne m da isotope (iri-iri) da rabi.

Duk da haka, saboda da mismatch na talakawa na cajin gaɓũɓuwa, protons, kuma electrons da daban-daban musamman cajin (wannan darajar aka ƙaddara da rabo daga cikin na farko barbashi cajin da nauyi). Saboda haka, da rabo daga cikin proton cajin ne 9.578756 (27) x 107 C / kg da -1.758820088 (39) a × 1011 electrons. Saboda babban takamaiman cajin dabi'u na free protons ba zai iya zama a cikin ruwa kafofin watsa labarai: su ba hydration.

Mass da kuma lura da proton - wani takamaiman girma, wanda suka iya tsayar a farkon karni na karshe. Wanda daga cikin masana kimiyya ya aikata, shi - daya daga cikin mafi girma - da bude daga cikin karni na ashirin? A 1913, Rutherford, kahu a kan gaskiyar cewa talakawa na dukan da aka sani da sinadaran abubuwa ne mafi girma daga cikin taro na wani hydrogen zarra zuwa wani lamba yawan sau, shawara cewa tsakiya na hydrogen zarra kunshe a cikin nucleus din zarra na wani kashi. Da ɗan baya Rutherford gudanar da wani gwaji a cikin abin da karatu da hulda da nitrogen nuclei alpha barbashi. A sakamakon gwajin daga tsakiya zarra tashi barbashi wanda Rutherford ya kira "proton" (daga Girkanci kalmar "protos" - na farko daya) da kuma ba da shawara cewa shi ne tsakiya na hydrogen zarra. A zato da aka tabbatar gwaje a cikin maimaita wannan kimiyya kwarewa a cikin girgije jam'iyya.

Rutherford wannan jarrabawa na zama na barbashi a cikin atomic tsakiya da aka sanya a 1920, wanda shi ne daidai da taro na proton, amma daukawa ba wutar lantarki. Duk da haka, shi ya kasance ba zai yiwu a gane wannan barbashi don Rutherford. Amma a shekara ta 1932, ya almajiri Chadwick gwaje tabbatar da wanzuwar neutrons a tsakiya - barbashi kamar annabta Rutherford, kamar daidai a cikin proton taro. Gane neutrons ya wuya saboda ba su da wutar lantarki, cajin da, daidai da, ba ya zo a cikin hulda da sauran nuclei. Rashin cajin da aka bayyana ta da kaddarorin neutrons matsayin sosai high iya shiga iko.

Protons da neutrons da ake daure a atomic tsakiya ne sosai karfi da karfi. Yanzu kimiyyar lissafi converge a kan ra'ayin cewa wadannan biyu na asali nukiliya barbashi suna kama da juna. Saboda haka, suna da guda baya, da kuma karfin nukiliya aiki a kan su da cikakken daidai. The kawai bambanci - da kyau lura da proton, neutron guda yana da wani cajin. Amma kamar yadda wutar lantarki a nukiliya interactions yana da wani ma'anar, shi za a iya gani a matsayin wani irin proton lakabin. Idan, duk da haka, naƙasta wa proton wutar lantarki, zai rasa individuality.