Ta yaya rayuwa ta fara a duniya tarihi, musamman fitowan da kuma ban sha'awa facts

Ta yaya rayuwa ta fara a duniya? Details ne ba a sani ba zuwa ga mutãne, amma da muhimman hakkokin manufa kafa. Akwai biyu main theories da yawa qananan. Saboda haka, bisa ga babban version, Organic aka gyara sun kai Earth daga sarari, a kan sauran - shi duka ya faru a duniya. Ga wasu daga cikin rare bada.

panspermia

Ta yaya mu Duniya? Biography na duniya ne na musamman, da kuma mutane na kokarin warware shi a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban. Akwai suke cewa rayuwa ta wanzu a cikin sararin samaniya, shi shimfidawa via meteoroids (cikin wani sarari suKe jikinsu, tsaka-tsaki a cikin size tsakanin interplanetary turɓãya da asteroids), asteroids da kuma taurari. An zaci cewa akwai rayuwa siffofin iya withstanding airless sarari (radiation, injin, low zazzabi, da dai sauransu ..). Suna da ake kira extremophiles (ciki har da kwayoyin cuta da kwayoyin).

Suna fada a cikin tarkace da kuma kura cewa an jefarwa a cikin sarari bayan wani karo na taurari, haka ceton, rayuwa bayan mutuwar kananan hasken rana tsarin jikinsu. Kwayoyin cutar na iya tafiya a sauran na dogon lokaci har na gaba mai haɗari karo da wasu duniyoyi.

Su kuma za a iya gauraye da protoplanetary faifai (da m gas girgije a kusa da matasa duniya). Idan sabon wuri "m, amma barci sojoji" fall a sharadi gwargwado, suka zama aiki. Aiwatar da juyin halitta. A tarihin rayuwa a duniya don warware tare da taimakon bincike. Data daga kida, to tafi cikin comets nuna: a mafi yawan lokuta tabbatar da alama cewa mu duka "kadan dan hanya" kamar yadda shimfiɗar jariri, da rayuwa - sarari.

biopoeza

A nan ne wani ra'ayi na yadda rayuwa ta fara. A duniya, akwai mai rai ko maras rai. Wasu kimiyya Ku gai da abiogenesis (biopoesis), da bayyana irin yadda a lokacin da na halitta canji nazarin halittu rayuwa fito daga inorganic al'amarin. Mai amino acid (ma ake magana a kai a matsayin gini tubalan dukkan halittu) za a iya kafa ta amfani da na halitta sinadaran halayen da alaqa da rai.

Wannan gwaji ya tabbatar Mueller-Urey. A 1953, masana kimiyya ya wuce wutar lantarki ta hanyar cakuda gas da kuma ya sami dama amino acid a dakin gwaje-gwaje, simulating da yanayi na farkon Duniya. Duk halitta suna canza kama amino acid a cikin sunadaran a ƙarƙashin rinjayar masu tsaron kwayoyin tunawa da nucleic acid.

Recent biochemically hada da kansa, da kuma sunadarai hanzarta (tsara) da tsari. Wanne daga cikin na farko kwayoyin kwayoyin? Da kuma yadda suka yin mu'amala? Abiogenesis ne a aiwatar da amsa search.

cosmogonic trends

Wannan shi ne rukunan da asalin rayuwa a cikin matsanancin sarari. A takamaiman mahallin na sarari kimiyya da ilmin taurari, da kalma tana nufin ka'idar halitta (da binciken) na hasken rana tsarin. Kokarin nauyi naturalistic cosmogony ba tãshi zuwa ga aikita. Da fari dai, da data kasance kimiyya theories ba zai iya bayyana babban abu: yaya duniyar ba?

Abu na biyu, babu wani jiki model bayyana da farko lokacin talikai. A wannan ka'idar akwai wani ra'ayi na jimla nauyi. Ko da yake kirtani theorists (kirtani ka'idar ce na farko barbashi ne sakamakon bambancin da kuma interactions da jimla kirtani), ta binciko asalin da kuma sakamakon da Big Bang (madauki jimla cosmology), sãɓã wa jũna. Sun yi imani da cewa suna da dabara, kyale su bayyana model matsayin wani ɓangare na filin lissafai.

Da taimakon mutane cosmogonic shiriritar bayyana uniformity na motsi da kuma abun da ke ciki na wani sarari suKe jikinsu. Tun kafin a ga rai a duniya, al'amarin da ya cika duk sarari, sa'an nan ya samo asali.

endosymbiont

Endosymbiotic version aka farko tsara ta wurin Rasha botanist Konstantin Merezhkovsky a 1905. Ya yi imani da cewa wasu wasu gabbansa samo asali kamar yadda free-rai kwayoyin da aka dauka zuwa wani cell kamar yadda endosymbionts. Mitochondria raya daga proteobacteria (musamman, Rickettsiales ko kusantar dangi) na cyanobacteria da chloroplast.

Wannan ya nuna cewa mahara siffofin kwayoyin sun shiga cikin wani symbiosis tare da samuwar eukaryotic sel (eukaryotes - sel rayayyun kwayoyin halitta dauke da kwaya). Takamaiman canja wurin kayyade kayan tsakanin kwayoyin kara taimakawa ga dankantakar halitta.

Ana zargin da bambancin da rai, watakila wadda ta gabãta daga karshe magabata (LUA) na zamani kwayoyin.

kwatsam

Har ya zuwa farkon karni na 19th, mutane sukan ƙaryatãwa game da "ban mamaki" kamar yadda wani bayani na yadda rayuwa ta fara a duniya. M maras wata-wata wasu siffofin rayuwa da jũna da suka debo daga matattu tambaya. Amma sun yi ĩmãni da wanzuwar heterogenesis (canji na Hanyar haifuwa), inda daya daga cikin rayuwar siffofin zo daga wani nau'in (misali, ƙudan zuma daga furanni). The classic ra'ayin maras wata-wata tsara su ne kamar haka: wasu hadaddun rayayyun kwayoyin halitta suka bayyana saboda da bazuwar kwayoyin abubuwa.

A cewar Aristotle, shi ne sauƙin observable gaskiya cewa aphids bayyana daga cikin raɓar da cewa da dama a kan shuke-shuke. tashiwa - daga spoiled abinci, da linzamin kwamfuta - daga datti Hay, crocodiles - daga Rotting rajistan ayyukan a kasa na jikin ruwa, da sauransu. A ka'idar kwatsam (karyata Kiristanci) asirce wanzu fiye da karni.

An yi imani da cewa ka'idar karshe an kushe da gwaje-gwajen a cikin XIX karni Lui Pastera. Scientist karatu da asalin rayuwa, ya yi karatu fitowan da microbes, don iya yaƙi cututtuka. Duk da haka, Pasteur ta bayyanannu sun daina rigima, amma tsananin kimiyya.

Theory daga lãka, kuma m halittar

Ana zargin rayuwa a kan tushen da lãka? Shin wannan zai yiwu? Scottish sunadarai mai suna AJ. Cairns-Smith na Jami'ar Glasgow a shekara ta 1985, shi ne marubucin wannan ka'ida. Dogaro a kan irin wannan zaton sauran masana kimiyya, da da'awar cewa kwayoyin barbashi an kama tsakanin yadudduka daga lãka, kuma hulda da su dauki kan hanya domin adanar bayanai da kuma girma. Saboda haka, masanin kimiyya dauke da "lãka gene" primary. Da farko, ma'adinai da kuma nascent rai ya wanzu tare, da kuma a wasu batu, "gudu".

A ra'ayin na halaka (hargitsi) a cikin kunno duniya paved hanya ga ka'idar catastrophism matsayin daya daga cikin forerunners na da ka'idar juyin halitta. Its proponents yi imani da cewa Duniya a baya aka shafi kwatsam, short-rayu, m events da kuma na yanzu ne key zuwa baya. Kowane wani bala'i halaka data kasance rai. M halittar farfado ta riga daban-daban daga baya daya.

The jari rukunan

Kuma a nan ne wani version of yadda rayuwa ta fara a duniya. Its m jari-hujja. Sun yi imani da cewa, rayuwa ta fara a sakamakon mika a lokacin da sarari na sauka a hankali sinadaran rikirkida cewa, a duk yiwuwa, akwai kusan shekaru biliyan 3.8 da suka wuce. Wannan ci gaban da aka kira kwayoyin, shi rinjayar da yankin na deoxyribonucleic da ribonucleic acid da sunadaran (proteins).

Amma ga kimiyya rukunan fito a shekarar 1960, a lokacin da ta gudanar da aiki da bincike shafe kwayoyin da Juyin halitta, yawan itatuwa aure. Masana kimiyya sa'an nan kokarin fahimtar da tabbatar da 'yan binciken game da nucleic acid da sunadaran.

Daya daga cikin key batutuwa da kara kuzari da ci gaban wannan filin na ilimi, ya kan ci gaba da enzyme aiki, da yin amfani da nucleic acid bambanta rarrabuwar a matsayin "kwayoyin nan kowane lokaci." Tonawa gudummawar mafi fahimtar bambanta rarrabuwar (sashe) jinsunan.

kwayoyin asalin

Game da yadda rayuwar ya tashi a duniya, proponents wannan ka'idar jayayya a cikin wannan hanya. Ilimi siffofin fara wani dogon lokaci - fiye da biliyan 3.5 da suka wuce (da siffa wakiltar wani lokaci a cikin abin da rayuwa ta wanzu). Kila na farko ya da wani jinkirin da hankali aiwatar da canji, sa'an nan ya fara wani m (a cikin sararin samaniya) mataki na kyautata, da miƙa mulki daga wanda tsaye jihar zuwa wani ƙarƙashin rinjayar halin yanzu yanayi.

Evolution, da aka sani da nazarin halittu, ko Organic, - aiwatar canje-canje a kan lokaci na daya ko fiye gaji halaye samu a alƙarya da kwayoyin. Heritable dabiu - musamman halaye, ciki har da ilimin Halittar Jiki, biochemical da kuma halayya, wanda ake daukar kwayar cutar daga tsara zuwa tsara.

Evolution ya haddasa bambancin da bunkasa duk rayayyun kwayoyin halitta (diversification). Our m duniya na Charles Darwin ya bayyana a matsayin "m siffofin mafi kyau da kuma mafi ban mamaki." A ra'ayi ne cewa asalin rayuwa - da labarin ba tare da farko ko karshe.

musamman halittar

A cewar wannan ka'idar, duk siffofin rai cewa wanzu a yau a duniya, halitta da Allah. Adamu da Hauwa'u - na farko mace da namiji ta hanyar Mabuwãyi. Rayuwa a duniya ya fara tare da su - imani Kiristoci, Musulmai da Yahudawa. Addinai uku yarda a kan gaskiyar cewa Allah ya halicci duniya a kwana bakwai, yin rana ta shida, da culmination na aikin: sanya daga turɓayar Adamu da Hauwa'u daga haƙarƙari.

A rana ta bakwai Allah ya huta. Sa'an nan, ya hũra mutane ta rayuwa da kuma aiki don kula da wani lambu ya kira Adnin. A cibiyar girma itacen rai da kuma itacen sanin Good. Allah ya yarda su ci 'ya'yan na dukan itatuwa a cikin lambu, fãce itacen sanin ( "Gama a ranar da ka ci shi, ya mutu").

Amma mutane rashin biyayya. The Quran ce cewa ya yi kokarin da apple Adam miƙa. Allah Yã yãfe laifi kuma aika biyu, zuwa ga ƙasa yadda wakilainsu. Kuma duk da haka ... Ina akwai rayuwa a duniya? Kamar yadda ka gani, babu wani guda amsar. Ko da yake zamani masana kimiyya ne ƙara karkata zuwa abiogenic (inorganic) ka'idar da asalin na dukan abubuwa masu rai.