Tsarin da kuma lura da tsakiya zarra

Da cewa duk abubuwa an hada da na farko barbashi, masana kimiyya sun zaci ko da zamanin tsohuwar Girka. Amma ba jarraba shi, ko ƙi yarda a waɗannan kwanaki ba wata hanya. Na'am, kuma da kaddarorin sunadaran a zamanin da iya kawai tsammani bisa laákari da lura da daban-daban abubuwa.

Tabbatar da cewa duk al'amarin kunshi na farko barbashi, kawai nasara a cikin karni na 19th sa'an nan a kaikaice. A lokaci guda, lissafin kimiyya da chemists a duk faɗin duniya sun yi kokarin haifar da wani hadade ka'idar na farko barbashi, ta kwatanta su da tsari da kuma bayyana daban-daban Properties, kamar nukiliya cajin.

A nazarin kwayoyin, kwayoyin halitta da kuma wa gininsu aka kishin ayyukan masana kimiyya da dama. Physics hankali canja zuwa binciken na takaice - na farko barbashi kuma su hulda Properties. Masana kimiyya zama sha'awar abin da ke sa har da atomic tsakiya, shiriritar da kuma kokarin tabbatar da su, a kalla a kaikaice.

A sakamakon haka, a matsayin babbar ka'idar da aka yarda da planetary model na atomic tsarin samarwa da Ernest Rutherford da Niels Bohr. A cewar wannan ka'idar, da lura da wani zarra na tsakiya shi ne tabbatacce, yayin da shi falakinsu juya ta barnatar da cajin electrons, ƙarshe yin zarra ne electrically tsaka tsaki. A tsawon lokaci, wannan ka'ida an akai-akai tabbatar da dukan gwaje-gwajen, da suka fara da gwaninta na daya daga cikin co-mawallafa.

Modern nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi ne da ka'idar da Rutherford-Bohr ta muhimman hakkokin karatu na kwayoyin zarra da dukan abubuwa su ne bisa shi. A daya hannun kuma mafi yawan shiriritar da cewa sun fito a cikin past 150 shekara, kusan ba an tabbatar. Sai dai itace cewa nukiliya kimiyyar lissafi ga mafi part ne msar tambayar view na matsananci-kananan girman da abubuwa da ake yi karatu.

Hakika, a cikin zamani duniya ta tantance cajin aluminum core, misali (ko kuma wani kashi) shi ne sauƙin fiye da a cikin karni na 19th, kuma ma fiye da haka - a zamanin tsohuwar Girka. Amma yin sabon binciken a cikin wannan filin, masana kimiyya wani lokacin zo ga abin mamaki karshe. Kokarin gano mafita daga wata matsala, da kimiyyar lissafi na firamare barbashi tana fuskantar sabon kalubale da kuma paradoxes.

Da farko Rutherford ka'idar ce da sinadaran Properties daga cikin abu dogara a kan abin da cajin da ta atomic tsakiya, saboda haka, yawan electrons, juyawa a cikin falaki. Modern sunadarai da kimiyyar lissafi to da cikakken goyon baya da wannan version. Duk da cewa nazarin kwayoyin tsarin da farko mayar daga cikin sauki model - mai hydrogen zarra, a lura da tsakiya ne daidai da 1, ka'idar ne Mafi zartar da dukan abubuwa na lokaci-lokaci tebur ciki har da rare duniya karafa da kuma rediyoaktif abubuwa, shirya artificially a karshen na karshe karni.

Abin mamaki, tun kafin Rutherford nazarin harshen Turanci sunadarai likita William Prout samuwar lura cewa da rabo daga abubuwa ba mahara na hydrogen index. Ya sa'an nan na nuna cewa, duk sauran abubuwa suna kawai ya tashi daga hydrogen, a wasu muhimman matakin. Wannan, misali, nitrogen, barbashi - a barbashi 14 irin wannan m oxygen - .. 16, da dai sauransu Idan muka yi la'akari da wannan ka'idar a duniya a zamani fassarar, shi ne kullum na gaskiya.