Rare duniya karafa

Rare kassai - wani aramin rukuni na Kwayoyin, wanda na da duka na 17 wakilainsu. Su duk gabatar kayan silvery-farin launi.

Rare duniya abubuwa da kuma tarihin su samu

Wannan rukuni na abubuwa da ya kawai kwanan nan ya bude. Samfurori da aka fara gano a cikin 1794. Duk da yake cikin Finnish sunadarai Johan Gadolin karatu tama samfurori a kusa da wani wuri da ake kira Ytterby. A nan sai ya gano wani unknown "ruwa duniya", wanda aka sa'an nan mai suna bayan da wuri - yttrium. Bayan wani lokaci, kuma samfurori nazari Martin Klaport, wanda ya kasaftawa wani ƙarin abu, mai suna bayan wani taurãro Ceres cerium.

Kuma ta 1907 riga 14 na wannan abubuwa da aka samu.

The sosai guda sunan "rare kassai" da aka gabatar a cikin marigayi 18th karni. A nan, irin rawa da gaskiyar cewa duk da abubuwa na kungiyoyin samar da tsaurin oxides cewa su ne kusan insoluble a ruwa. Bugu da kari, da masana kimiyya na lokaci kuskure yi imani da cewa wadannan karafa ne m, a cikin ƙasa ta ɓawon burodi.

Rare duniya karafa: wakilai daga kungiyar

Kamar yadda aka ambata a riga, wannan kungiyar ta kunshi 17 sinadaran abubuwa. Wadannan sun hada da:

• Lanthanum.
• Cerium (mai suna a cikin girmamawa Ceres, a duniya).
• Neodymium.
• Pradeozim.
• Samarium.
• Promethium.
• Gadolinium.
• Turai.
• Terbium.
• Holmium.
• Dysprosium.
• Erbium.
• Ytterbium.
• Lutetium.
• Thulium.

Sha'awa, da m electron matakan da kwayoyin halitta ne kusan m. Wannan ya bayyana da sinadaran da jiki Properties na karafa.

The rare duniya karafa da su sinadaran Properties

Wakilai na wannan kungiyar da mun gwada da babban reactivity, wanda shi ne musamman high lokacin tsanani da. Alal misali, a wani dagagge zafin jiki wasu karafa ne iya maida martani da wani hydrogenous.

Bugu da ƙari, ta gasa wadannan abubuwa amsa tare da oxygen, kafa wani barga, ruwa-insoluble oxides. Ba zato ba tsammani, a lokacin da kona karafa a yanayi oxygen an kiyaye juyin halitta daga babba zafi. Yana da ga wannan kungiyar ne halin da pyrophoricity - dukiya sparkle a cikin iska.

Rare duniya karafa iya samar da hydroxides wanda suke talauci mai narkewa a cikin ruwa da kuma wasu da amphoteric Properties.

Kusan duk mambobi ne na kungiyar ne halin da hadawan abu da iskar shaka Jihar +3. Active abubuwa dabam. An dauke da mafi yawan aiki lanthanum.

Hakar na rare duniya karafa

A mafi yawan lokuta, rare kassai faruwa tare. Daya dutse samfurin ƙunshi da dama mambobin kungiyar. Don kwanan wata, akwai fiye da 250 ma'adanai, waɗanda sashi daga cikin rare duniya abubuwa. Manyan ma'adanai hada monazite, Parisi Księte, orthite.

Mafi na kowa abu a cikin ƙasa, ta ɓawon burodi ne dauke cerium. Amma thulium da lutetium a cikin yanayi yana dauke da akalla adadin.

A shekarar 2008, duniya da aka mined game da 124 dubu ton na rare duniya karafa. Shugabannin a cikin wannan samarwa aka dauke shi zuwa kasashe kamar India, China da kuma Brazil.

Wani wuri na sararin adibas na rare duniya karafa da aka gano a 2011. Wadannan yankunan da ake located a kan kasa na tekun Pacific, kusa da Hawaii, Faransa Polynesia da kuma Tahiti.

The rare duniya karafa da su yi amfani da

Wadannan abubuwa ana amfani da quite daban-daban sassa. Alal misali, suna amfani da ko'ina a cikin gilashin masana'antu. Farko, da suka kara da translucency na gilashi. Abu na biyu, wadannan karafa ana amfani da manufa ta musamman gilashin samar - gilashi mamaye hasken ultraviolet ko infrared transmissive magani. Tare da taimakon rare duniya kayan sarrafa zafi-resistant gilashi.

A refining wadannan abubuwa yi aiki a matsayin catalysts. Suna kuma amfani da sinadaran masana'antu don samar da high quality Paints, varnishes kuma pigments.