Generative gabobin da tsire-tsire: flower, 'ya'yan itace da iri. Yadda za a yi kiwo shuke-shuke

generative gabobin da tsire-tsire - shi ne mai flower, iri da kuma 'ya'yan itace. Su samar da tsire-tsire jima'i haifuwa. A cikin wannan labarin, za mu tattauna kowane daga cikin wadannan jikuna.

flower

Very muhimmanci generative sashen flowering shuke-shuke - shi ne mai flower. Ya aka modified short harbe, abin da hidima da haihuwa gabobin, ba duk shuke-shuke, amma kawai a angiosperms. Mu ne sha'awar generative gabobin flowering shuke-shuke - shi ne ilimi, wanda aka located a kan peduncle. Matattarã tsawo sunan flower zangarniya. A nan ne dukan sassa na flower, babban abin da - da pistil da stamens. Suna located a cibiyar. A stamens ne namiji jiki da kuma mace - da pistil. Karshe yawanci kunshi cikin kwai, style da stigma. A kwai yana ovules, wanda aka kafa da kuma ore da kwai. Anthers kuma staminate thread - da aka gyara na stamens. A anthers na pollen hatsi ne samuwa inda sperms suna kafa.

perianth

Angiosperms flowering shuke-shuke ma suna da perianth. Don me bã ya bukatar? Wannan ba shine generative gabobin na angiosperms, amma da ganye kare ciki sassa na wani flower. Sepals ake kira ta m ganye, yawanci kore. Sai suka samar da wani kofin. Corolla da aka kafa daga ciki petals. Perianth aka kira biyu idan ta kunshi wani corolla kuma calyx da kuma sauki - idan an yi shi da wannan ganye. Dual halayyar wardi, fis da ceri. Kuma akwai wani sauki a Lily da Tulip. Perianth zama dole ba ne kawai don kare sassa na flower, a ciki, amma kuma ya jawo hankalin hure. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa haka sau da yawa halin da haske launuka da shi. Perianth a iska-pollinated shuke-shuke suna da yawa rage. Har ila yau, ana iya wakilta fina-finai da kuma Sikeli (poplar, Aspen, Willow, kuma Birch, hatsi).

nectaries

Nectaries kira musamman gland da cewa suna da wasu angiosperms flowering shuke-shuke a cikin furanni. Wadannan gland asirce odorous sugary ruwa kira Nectar. Wajibi ne a jawo hankalin hure.

Monoecious da kuma iri guda ba shuke-shuke

Saboda haka, to da generative gabobin da shuka tana nufin flower. Akwai iri biyu na furanni ga gaban pistils da stamens. Wadanda shuke-shuke da suke da biyu daya da kuma sauran, da ake kira monoecious (kokwamba, Hazel, itacen oak, masara). Idan pistils da stamens aka gabatar a kan daban-daban shuke-shuke, an kira su iri guda ba (buckthorn, Willow, Willow, poplar).

Inflorescence

La'akari da yanzu da Inflorescence. A shuka iya zama ko dai da yawa kananan ko manyan guda furanni. Kananan, dauka tare, an kira inflorescences. Su ne mafi kama hankali ga hure, kazalika da yadda ya kamata pollinated da iska. Da dama jinsin iri inflorescences. Ga su ne.

iri inflorescences

• Kunnen - a irin wannan halayyar da shuka, a kan babban gatura waxanda suke sessile furanni (ba tare da peduncles).
• Akwai kuma wani nagartaccen kunne. An kafa ta hada da 'yan sauki (misalai - hatsin rai, alkama).
• COB - wani irin Inflorescence, furanni kujeru, inda wanda aka halin a lokacin farin ciki tsakiyar shaft (daya misali - Calla).
• Brush - shi ne a lokacin da furanni ne a kan stalks, daya bayan daya a kan na kowa axis. Misalai - cherries, Lily (hoton sama).
• Akwai kuma irin Inflorescence, kamar kwando. An halin, musamman, don Dandelion da chamomile. A wannan yanayin, da saucer-dimbin yawa thickened janar axis yana shirya mai girma yawan furanni wurin zama.
• Head - wani ban sha'awa irin. An halin da cewa da kananan furanni ne sessile siffar zobe truncated a axis (Clover).
• Akwai kuma wani sauki laima (misali, da yamma Primrose ko cherries). A wannan yanayin, da manyan axis (truncated) furanni suna located a kan wannan dogon stalks.
• Amma a faski ko karas inflorescences buga wani dukan kungiyar kunshi sauki umbrellas. Wannan irin aka kira wani hadadden laima.
• Ya bambanta da buroshi matsara a furanni ne a cikin wannan jirgin sama. Saboda haka, pedicels, wanda mika daga tsakiyar axis, ne na daban-daban tsawo (pear, Yarrow).
• Panicle Inflorescence ne mai hadaddun da mahara a kaikaice rassan, wanda ya kunshi bude yatsun, goge (Lilac, hatsi da dai sauransu).

Part na furanni a wasu Inflorescence kunshi daya kawai daga cikin corolla. A wasu kalmomin, da stamens da pistil suka rasa. Wannan shi ne, misali, da tsarin da furanni na da shuka iri, kamar sunflower ko Daisy (hoton sama).

Jima'i haifuwa na shuke-shuke

Generative gabobin da tsire-tsire - furanni, 'ya'yan itãcen marmari da tsaba. Domin samar da iri ka bukatar pollen, located a kan stamens, mayar da su cikin stigma. A wasu kalmomin, shi ne cewa wajibi ne a can pollination. A cikin akwati inda pollen ne a kan stigma na wannan flower, akwai kai-pollination (alkama, Peas, wake). Amma shi ne sau da yawa in ba haka ba. A cikin hali na baibayin stamens located a kan pollen na daya shuka da aka canjawa wuri zuwa stigma na wasu sauran. Ta yaya ta isa can? Yadda shuke-shuke haifa? Bari mu fuskanci shi.

dako na pollen

Kuma wani m bushe pollen iya canja wurin iska (Birch, Hazel, alder). A furanni ne iska-pollinated shuke-shuke yawanci kananan, folded a inflorescences. Suna ko dai talauci ɓullo da ko babu perianth. Hirtsinta, haka ma, zai iya kawo kwari. A wannan yanayin da shuke-shuke, an kira Entomophilous. Wannan tsari na iya daukar wani ɓangare kuma tsuntsaye har ma da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa. Yawanci, irin shuke-shuke da furanni m, m, dauke da kafura. A mafi yawan lokuta, hirtsinta m, yana da musamman appendages - hooks.

A ra'ayinsa mutum kuma iya kawo pollen, suna ɓuɓɓugar da shi stamens wuce a kan stigma. A wannan yanayin, giciye-pollination da aka kira. Ana amfani da, musamman, don inganta yawan amfanin ƙasa, ko samar da sabon iri na shuke-shuke.

namiji gametophyte

Hirtsinta hatsi, da aka sani a gare mu kamar yadda pollen - shi ne namiji gametophyte, wanda aka kafa a cikin stamens. A abun da ke ciki na wadannan hatsi da biyu Kwayoyin - generative kuma vegetative. A farko kafa maniyyi - ɗa namiji Kwayoyin.

mace gametophyte

A ovule, pistil kwai a kafa mace gametophyte. Shi ne ake kira mai guda takwas tayi jakar kwai. Wannan gametophyte zahiri wakiltar daya cell a cikinsa akwai takwas haploid nuclei. Daya daga cikinsu shi ne ya fi girma fiye da wasu. Shi ne ake kira da kwai da aka located a pyltsevhoda. Akwai ma biyu karami nuclei, wanda suke a cikin cibiyar. Suna da ake kira da tsakiyar tsakiya.

Kan aiwatar da hadi

Idan stigma samun pollen vegetative cell fara girma a cikin pollen tube. A wannan yanayin yana motsa zuwa ga generative cell micropyle (pyltsevhodu). A karshe biyu maniyyi shigar da tayi jakar kwai. A sakamakon haka, hadi faruwa. A zygote aka kafa a lokacin da ovum da Fused daya daga ma'ana. Daga wannan iri tayi sa'an nan tasowa. Kamar yadda a karo na biyu maniyyi, shi Yanã shigar da tsakiyar tsakiya (kamar yadda ka tuna, biyu daga cikinsu). Kamar wancan kafa triploid endosperm na zuriya. Yana accumulates gina jiki. Testa kafa daga murfin ovule. Wannan shi ne wani biyu hadi tsari. Yana da aka bude ta S. Navashin, Rasha botanist, a 1898. Fruit kafa daga ko dai kumbura bango na kwai, ko wasu sauran sassa na flower.

generative shuka gabobin hada da, kamar yadda za ka iya gani, da kuma iri na 'ya'yan itace. Taƙaitaccen bayanin kowannensu.

iri

A abun da ke ciki na iri hada da iri gashi, endosperm, da kuma kumshe. Na waje m rufe ta testa isasshe m. Toho yana da kashin baya, gemmule, zangarniya, kuma cotyledons, wanda a tsire-tsire ne da farko tayi ganye. Idan tayi yana daya cotyledon, wata shuka kira monocots. Idan su biyu - bipartite. A na gina jiki ne yawanci a cikin endosperm ko cotyledons (musamman ajiya kyallen takarda). A karshen harka, da cotyledons wuya ci gaba.

'ya'yan

Wannan shi ne wani wajen hadaddun tsarin, a cikin abin da halittar iya shiga, fãce pestle, da kuma wasu sassa na flower: da matattarã, tushe na sepals da kuma petals. Fruit, kafa daga mahara pestles aka tattara (blackberries, raspberries).

Ba dole ne a ce cewa siffar na 'ya'yan itace ne sosai bambancin. Shi ne wata lambar daban na tsaba. A wannan hasashe ware odnosemennye 'ya'yan itatuwa da kuma seeded. Wannan shi ne saboda da yawan ovules a cikin kwai. Kudi ne ma bushe da m 'ya'yan itace.

Saboda haka, mun bayyana generative gabobin da shuke-shuke. A ƙarshe, mun bayyana yadda za a propagate tsaba da 'ya'yan itatuwa. Amma hirtsinta ya fasa shi da aka ambata a sama.

Rarraba tsaba da 'ya'yan itatuwa

Mu ne sha'awar generative gabobin da tsire-tsire (tsaba da 'ya'yan itatuwa), yada, da inganta ci gaba jinsunan da waste daga shuke-shuke. Su za a iya hawa kan nasu, wanda shi ne na hali nau'i irin rawaya itacen ƙirya, impatiens, lupine, Violet, geranium. A 'ya'yan itatuwa daga wadannan shuke-shuke zuwa crack lokacin da cikakke, kuma tare da ikon jefa da tsaba a kan wani fairly tsawon nisa. Wannan rarraba hanya ake kira avtohoriey.

Iska kuma iya kawo 'ya'yan. Irin wannan tsari shine ake kira anemochore. Hydrochory rubutu idan a aiwatar da canja wurin rarraba ruwa ornitohoriya - tsuntsaye zoochory - dabbobi. Irin wannan hanyoyin ake, ɗaukar shuka tsaba, wanda da m 'ya'yan itace. A karshen sau da yawa ci gaba majajjawa ko m abu (Burdock, da dai sauransu jere.). Wannan na taimaka wa baza na shuka. Man kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa. Musamman m tasirinta a kan shuka waste a cikin 'yan lokaci ya karu sadarwa tsakanin nahiyoyi da kuma kasashe.

Saboda haka muka yi magana, game da yadda za a propagate shuke-shuke. Kamar yadda ka gani, da tsari ne quite hadaddun. Duk da haka, yana da matukar tasiri.