Anna Akhmatova: rayuwa da kuma aiki. Akhmatova: babban jigogi na kerawa

Anna Akhmatova, wanda rayuwarsa da kuma aiki za mu gabatar muku - ne da alƙalami sunan wanda alamu da waqe AA Gorenko. Wannan mawãƙi aka haife shi a 1889, 11 (23) na Yuni, kusa da Odessa. Ta iyali da sannu koma Tsarskoye Selo, inda har zuwa shekaru 16, ya rayu Akhmatova. Halittar (takaice) na wannan mawãƙi za a gabatar bayan da biography. Da farko samun matsahi na saba da rayuwa Anny Gorenko.

farkon shekaru

Farkon shekara ba Rosy for Anny Andreevny. Ta iyayensa suka rabu a 1905. Uwa aka dauka zuwa Yevpatoria 'ya'ya mata na fama da tarin fuka. Ga karo na farko da fuskantar wata rayuwa na babban waje da kuma dirtiest birane "daji yarinya". Ta kuma samu wani soyayya drama, yunkurin kashe kansa.

Ilimi a Kiev da gymnasiums Tsarskoselskaya

Farkon matasa da cewa mawãƙi aka bayar da karatu a Kiev, kuma Tsarskoselskaya gymnasiums. A karshe aji ne da aka gudanar a Kiev. Bayan haka, a nan gaba mawãƙi karatu dokar a Kiev, da kuma philology a St. Petersburg, a kan University for Women. A Kiev, ta koya Latin, wanda a yarda daga baya su koyi da Italian harshen kyauta, don karanta Dante a cikin na asali. Amma Akhmatova to doka batutuwa rasa sha'awa da ewa ba, don haka sai ya tafi zuwa St. Petersburg da kuma ci gaba da horo a kan tarihi da kuma wallafe-wallafen da darussa.

Da farko waqe da kuma wallafe-wallafe

A farko ayoyi cewa har yanzu m tasiri Derzhavin, rubuta ta da wani matashi yar makaranta Gorenko lõkacin da ta kasance kawai 11 shekaru da haihuwa. A 1907 kuma ya bayyana a farko ɗaba'ar.

A 1910, daga farkon sosai, Akhmatova a kai a kai ya fara da za a buga a Moscow da kuma St. Petersburg mujallolin. Da zarar halitta "Shop Poets" (1911), a wallafe-wallafen jam'iyya, ta yi aikin da shi aikinsu na Sakatariyar.

Aure, wata tafiya zuwa Turai

Akhmatova a cikin lokaci daga 1910 zuwa 1918 da aka yi aure to NS Gumilyov, kuma aka sani da Rasha mawãƙi ne. Tare da shi ta ya sadu yayin da karatu a Tsarskoye Selo makaranta. Bayan da cewa Akhmatova sanya wani tafiya zuwa Paris a 1910-1912 shekaru, inda ya zama abokai tare da Amedeo Modigliani, wani Italian artist wanda Ya halitta ta hoto. Har ila yau, a lokaci guda, ta ziyarci Italiya.

A bayyanar Akhmatova

Nikolay Gumilev gabatar matarsa zuwa ga wallafe-wallafen da kuma m yanayi, inda sunan ya samu ta farkon muhimmancin. Ba kawai poetic hanya Anny Andreevny zama mai farin jini, amma kuma ta bayyanar. Akhmatova bugi Sahaban da fifiko, regal. Ta bayar da Alamu matsayin sarauniya. Waje ra'ayi na mawãƙi wahayi ba kawai Modigliani, amma kuma ta artists kamar K. Petrov-Vodkin, A. Altman, Z. Serebryakov, A. Tyshler, N. Tyrsa A. Danko (kasa gabatar da aikin na Petrov-Vodkin) .

A farko tarin waqe, da kuma haihuwar yaro

A 1912, wata alama ga mawãƙi, ya faru a rayuwar ta, biyu muhimmanci events. Buga na farko tarin waqe Anny Andreevny kira "Maraice", wanda alama ta aiki. Akhmatova kuma haifi ɗa, nan gaba tarihi, Gumilyov Lev Nikolaevich - wani muhimmin taron ya na sirri rayuwa.

Kunshe a cikin ta farko tarin waqe da images of roba amfani da su kuɓutattu ne daga cikin abun da ke ciki. Suka tilasta Rasha sukar ce cewa a cikin shayari, wani sabon iyawa. Ko da yake "malamai" ne irin Masters Akhmatova Symbolist kamar yadda Blok da I. F. Annensky, ta shayari aka gane daga farkon a matsayin Acmeist. A gaskiya ma, tare da O. E. Mandelshtamom kuma N. S. Gumilevym mawãƙi a farkon 1910 ta, shi ne ainihin wannan zo a lokaci na wani sabon Trend in shayari.

A na gaba biyu collections, da yanke shawarar zama a Rasha

Na bi da farko tarin da kuma na biyu littafin, tana da taken "Rosary" (1914), da kuma bayan shekaru uku, a cikin watan Satumba 1917, ya mai tarin "White garken", da uku a ta aiki. A Oktoba juyin juya halin da ya ba tilasta mawãƙi yi hijira, ko da yake a wannan lokacin, ya fara wani taro ƙaura. Rasha watsi daya bayan da wasu mutane kusa Akhmatova: A. Lurie, Antrep B. kuma O. Glebova-Studeykina, ta aboki na matasa. Duk da haka, da mawãƙi yanke shawarar zama a "zunubi" da "kurãme" Rasha. A hankalta da alhakin kasarsu, danganta zuwa ga ƙasar da Rasha harshen da ya sa Annu Andreevnu shiga tattaunawa tare da shi sun yanke shawarar barin. Domin shekaru masu yawa, waɗanda suka bar Rasha, na ci gaba da gaskata da ya ƙaura zuwa Akhmatova. Tare da shi jayayya, musamman, R. Hull, da al'amari zuwa Anne Andreevne B. Franck da G. Adamovich.

Wuya lokaci domin Anny Andreevny Ahmatovoy

A wannan lokacin, ta canja rayuwa da cika fuska, nuna halittarsa. Akhmatova aka aiki a library a Cibiyar Agronomy, a cikin farkon 1920s gudanar ya buga biyu mafi collections waqe-waqe. Waɗannan su ne "plantain", saki a 1921, da kuma "shekara Domini" (a translation - "A cikin shekarar da Ubangiji", saki a 1922). Domin shekaru 18 bayan da cewa latsa bai bayyana shi aiki. Daban-daban dalilan da wannan zama: a daya hannun, wannan harbi NS Gumilyov, tsohon mijinta, wanda aka zarge shi da hannu a wani makircin da juyin juya halin. a kan wasu - da kin amincewa da kerawa mawãƙi Soviet zargi. Akhmatova yawa a lokacin wannan tilasta shirun da aka tsunduma a cikin aiki na Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina.

gani Optina

Canza your "murya" da kuma "rubutun hannu" Akhmatova nasaba da tsakiyar 1920, tare da wata ziyara a 1922, a watan Mayu, Optina da kuma hira da Dattijon Nectar. Kila, wannan hira ne karfi da tasiri da mawãƙi ne. Akhmatova ya masu juna biyu zumunta A. Motovilov ne rãyuwar novice Serafima Sarovskogo. Ta dauki saukar ta hanyar ƙarnõni na fansa ra'ayin hadaya.

biyu aure

A rabo daga Akhmatova karaya ya kuma hade da hali na V. Shileiko, wanda ya zama mata biyu da miji. Da shi shi ne masanin kimiyyar-orientalist, wanda ya shiga tsakani a cikin al'adun wadannan tsoho kasashe irin su Babila, Assuriya, Misira. Personal rayuwa tare da wannan m, a wani rai da kuma azzaluman mutum bai yi aiki ba, amma tasirin da take da dangana ga mawãƙi a cikin aikinsa karuwa tanada falsafa rubutu.

Rayuwa da Works a 1940

Tattara karkashin lakabi "Daga shida littattafai" zai bayyana a 1940. Ya koma ga wani ɗan gajeren lokaci a cikin zamani adabi na lokaci mai mawãƙi, Anna Akhmatova. Rayuwa da kuma ta aiki a wannan lokaci shi ne quite ban mamaki. Akhmatova samu a Birnin Leningrad, The Great Patriotic War. Ta aka kwashe daga can zuwa Uzbekistan. Duk da haka, a shekarar 1944 da mawãƙi koma zuwa Birnin Leningrad. A shekarar 1946, hõre m da mutuncin zargi, ta fitar daga cikin Writers 'Union.

Koma Rasha adabi

Bayan wannan taron na gaba shekaru goma a cikin ayyukan da mawãƙi lura kawai cewa a wannan lokaci tsunduma a wallafe-wallafen translation Anna Akhmatova. Kerawa da ta Soviet gwamnatin da aka ba su da sha'awar. L. N. Gumilev, danta, ya bauta wa a lokacin da azãba a aiki sansani a matsayin siyasa laifi. Koma Rasha adabi, shayari Akhmatova ya faru ne kawai a cikin biyu da rabi na 1950 ta. Tun shekarar 1958 da tarin na lyrics na mawãƙi sake farko da za a buga. An kammala a shekarar 1962, "waka Ba tare da wani Hero," An riga an fitar sabõda shekaru 22. Anna Akhmatova mutu a shekarar 1966, a kan 5 Maris. Mawãƙi binne a kusa da St. Petersburg, a Komarovo. Kabari shi da aka gabatar a kasa.

Acmeism a cikin ayyukan Akhmatova

Akhmatova, wanda aiki ne yanzu daya daga cikin kasa shayari fi, zuwa ga na farko Littafin waqe-waqe mallakar daga baya ne kyawawan sanyi, kawai guda line ta zabi shi: "... samun bugu sauti na murya irin naka." Mikhail Kuzmin, duk da haka, ya gabatarwar wannan tarin ƙare tare da kalmomi da cewa ya zo mana matasa, sabon mawãƙi, da ciwon duk data domin zama real. Sun fi mayar da m da poetics na "marece" msar tambayar shirin acmeism - sabon Trend a cikin adabi, wanda sau da yawa sun hada da wani poetess Anna Akhmatova. Ya nuna da kerawa na da yawa daga cikin halayyar fasalulluka na wannan Trend.

Photo bayar a kasa da aka yi a shekara ta 1925.

Acmeism tashi kamar yadda a dauki ga ta'addi na Symbolist style. Alal misali, labarin V. M. Zhirmunskogo da aka sani da wallafe-wallafen zargi, game da aikin na wakilan wannan Trend an mai suna kamar haka: "karya da symbolism." Dalyam sufi da kuma "m halittu" suka contrasted rayuwa a cikin wannan duniya, "a nan da kuma yanzu". Halin kirki relativism da siffofin daban-daban na Kristanci an maye gurbinsu da wani sabon "dabi'u unshakable dutse."

Taken soyayya a cikin aikin na mawãƙi

Akhmatova zo a cikin litattafai na karni na 20th, ta farko kwata, da gargajiya da theme for World lyrics - jigo na soyayya. Duk da haka, ta bayani a cikin ayyukan da mawãƙi ne tushen sabon. Akhmatova ta shayari nisa daga m mata shayari, gabatar a cikin karni na 19th da sunaye kamar su Carolina Pavlova, Yulia Yulia Zhadovskaya, Mirra Lokhvitskaya. Su ne yanzu ma daga "manufa", m lyricism halayyar soyayya shayari na Symbolists. A wannan yanayi, shi dogara sun fi mayar a kan Rasha lyrics da kuma litattafan da karni na 19th, Akhmatova. Kerawa da shi aka gawurtaccen. O. E. Mandelshtam, misali, rubuta cewa lyrics kawo haduwar da Rasha labari na karni na 19th, Akhmatova. An muqala a kan ayyukan shi zai iya zama ya fara tare da wannan rubutu.

A cikin "yamma" da aka kawo a cikin daban-daban guises amorous ji, amma da heroine da kullum da aka ƙaryata, ci amanar, wahala. Chukovsky rubuta game da shi, cewa na farko da daya a gane cewa ana rashin kauna - a poetic, shi ne Akhmatova (muqala a kan ayyukan shi, "Akhmatova da Mayakovsky", halitta da wannan marubucin, ya ƙwarai da gudummawar da ta tsananta a lokacin da ayoyin da mawãƙi ba da aka buga). A unrequited soyayya ga tushen kerawa maimakon la'anar. Sassa uku na tarin an kira, da bi, "Love," "Munafuncin" da "Muse". M mace da kuma ladabi a hade a cikin lyrics Akhmatova tare da m yarda da wahala. Na 46 waqe kunshe a wannan tarin, kusan rabin aka kishin rabuwar da kuma mutuwa. Wannan shi ne wani hatsari. A lokacin daga 1910 zuwa 1912 mawãƙi mahaukaci a ji kratkodnevnosti, ta na da wani presentiment na mutuwa. By 1912, biyu na ta da 'yan'uwanku mãtã mutu daga tarin fuka, don haka Anna Gorenko (Akhmatova, wanda rayuwarsa da kuma aiki da muka duba yiwuwar) yi imani da cewa wannan rabo sãmunta. Duk da haka, shi ne ba a ɗaure, da bambanci ga Symbolists, da rabuwa da kuma mutuwa da ji na rashin bege, wallahi baƙin ciki. Wannan yanayi ya ba Yunƙurin zuwa da gwaninta na duniya na kyakkyawa.

Kayyade a cikin littafin "Night" kuma a karshe ya dauki siffar farko a cikin "KYAU", sa'an nan "White fakitin" rarrabe fasali na style na mawãƙi ne.

A dalilinsa na sanin yakamata da na memory

Historicity ne warai m lyricism Anny Andreevny. Tuni a cikin "bayyana" da "yamma" da taken soyayya, akwai biyu sauran babban muradi - da na sanin yakamata da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar.

"Gõdewa lokacin", wanda aka alama ta m tarihi (wanda ya fara a shekara ta 1914, yakin duniya na farko), ya zo daidai da wuya lokaci a cikin rayuwarku ta mawãƙi ne. Yana bude a 1915, da tarin fuka, ta iyali hereditary cuta.

"Pushkinizm" Akhmatova

Bugu da ari kara habaka da muradi na sanin yakamata da memory a cikin "White garken", bayan da yake aiki ake uwar. Poetic style of mawãƙi a cikin shekaru 1915-1917 ne gwamnatin. Ƙara soki da aka ambata a irin "pushkinizm" Akhmatova. Its ainihi shi ne m cikawa, daidaito na magana. Haka kuma an lura da kasancewar "citationality Layer" da yawa yi kira da allusions biyu Sahaban da kuma magabata da: O. E. Mandelshtamom, B. L. Pasternakom, AA Blok. All ruhaniya arziki na kasar mu da al'adun da aka bayan Akhmatova, kuma ta na gaskiya, ya ji waliyyinsa.

Subject mahaifarsa a Akhmatova ayyukan, alaka da juyin juya halin

Iya ba amma zai shafi aikin na ban mamaki events a cikin rayuwa na mawãƙi ne. Akhmatova, wanda rayuwarsa da kuma aiki kasance a cikin wani wuya lokaci ga kasar mu, yarda da juyin juya halin na 1917 da shekara a matsayin bala'i. A tsohon kasa, a cikin ta ra'ayi, ya ba more. Subject mahaifarsa a cikin ayyukan Akhmatova wakilta, misali, a cikin littafin "shekara Domini". A sashen bude wannan ya fito a 1922, da tarin ake kira "Bayan All". epigraph line aka dauka zuwa dukan littafin "a wa? anda ba dama shekaru ..." F. I. Tyutcheva. Gida ne ba ga mawãƙi ...

Duk da haka Akhmatova juyin juya halin - shi ne ma mai payback ga rayuwar da ta gabata na zunubi, azaba. Bari lyrical heroine kuma ba ya haifar da kanta mugunta, tana jin cewa shi ne shiga a cikin janar ta Laifi, don haka Akhmatova shirye su raba da wuya masakin mutane. Gida a cikin ayyukan Akhmatova ta wajibi domin ceton kansa.

Ko da suna daga cikin littafin fassara a matsayin "A cikin shekarar da Ubangiji", da ya ce an mawãƙi gani kamar yadda Allah yake so ya haihuwa. A amfani da tarihi da daidaici da kuma Littafi Mai Tsarki motifs zama daya daga cikin hanyoyin da za a fahimta art ke faruwa a Rasha. Su suna ƙara resorting Akhmatova (misali, da waka "Cleopatra," "Dante", "ayoyin Littafi Mai Tsarki").

A lyrics wannan babban waƙen, "I" a wannan lokaci ya zama "mu". Akhmatova magana a madadin "da yawa." A kowace awa, ba kawai daga cikin mawãƙi, amma kuma ta Sahaban, zai barata ta wurin kalma na mawãƙi ne.

Wadannan su ne main jigogi na kerawa Akhmatova, kamar yadda na har abada, da kuma shi ne na hali na zamanin da rai na mawãƙi ne. An sau da yawa idan aka kwatanta da wani - tare da Marina Tsvetaeva. Duka wadannan ne yau da canons na mata shayari. Duk da haka, ba kawai yana da yawa a cikin na kowa, amma ya bambanta a mutunta mutane da yawa kerawa Akhmatova da Tsvetaeva. A rubuce-rubuce a kan wannan batu sau da yawa tambaye dalibai rubuta. A gaskiya, shi ne ban sha'awa yayata a kan dalilin da ya sa shi ne kusan ba zai yiwu ba ya gauraye da wani waka da aka rubuta ta hanyar Akhmatova, tare da ayyukan halitta da Tsvetaeva. Amma da yake wani topic ...