Abun da ke ciki, aka gyara, tsarin da kaddarorin da duniya ta yanayin harsashi

Nasarori a fagen seismology ba mutãne a mafi cikakken ilimi na Duniya da yadudduka da wanda aka hada. Kowane Layer na da kaddarorin, tsarin da halaye da shafi ainihin matakai a duniya. A abun da ke ciki, tsarin da kaddarorin ƙaddara da ta yanayin harsashi babban aka gyara.

Misali na Duniya a daban-daban sau

Tun zamanin da, mutane sun nemi ya fahimtar da samuwar da abun da ke ciki na Duniya. A farkon zaton sun zalla ba kimiyya halitta a cikin irin camfin ko addini tãtsũniyõyin shafe gumaka. A lokacin da tsufa da kuma tsakiyar zamanai akwai da dama theories game da asalin na duniya da kuma ta dace abun da ke ciki. A mafi tsufa ka'idar da ƙasa a cikin nau'i na wani lebur Sphere ko wani shigen sukari. Tuni a cikin 6th karni BC, da Girkanci da masana falsafa da jayayya da cewa duniya ne ainihin zagaye da aka hada da ma'adanai da kuma karafa. da zato da aka sanya a cikin 16th karni, Edmund Halley cewa Duniya kunshi concentric duniyoyin, kuma a ciki ne m. A farkon karni na 19th, ma'adinai da kuma juyin juya halin masana'antu da gudummawar da m ci gaba da binciken ilimin qasa. An gano cewa dutsen tsarin ana shirya domin na samuwarsu a lokacin. A lokaci guda, geologists da kuma naturalists fara gane cewa shekaru burbushin za a iya ƙaddara daga ma'aunan kasa ra'ayi.

Binciken da sunadarai da ma'aunan kasa abun da ke ciki

A tsarin da kaddarorin yanayin harsashi ya bambanta daga sauran yadudduka da sinadaran da ma'aunan kasa gini, kuma akwai manyan bambance-bambance a zazzabi da kuma matsa lamba. Yanzu kimiyya fahimtar da ciki tsarin da Duniya dangane inferences sanya ta wajen girgizar kasa saka idanu, tare da ma'aunai na gravitational da Magnetic filayen. By farkon karni na 20th, ci gaban radiometric Dating, wanda aka yi amfani domin sanin da shekaru ma'adanai ne da duwatsu, sanya shi yiwuwa a sami karin m data game da gaskiya shekaru na Duniya, wanda shi ne game da 4-4.5 shekaru biliyan. A ci gaba da hanyoyin zamani na hakar ma'adinai da kuma daraja karafa, kazalika da girma wayar da kan jama'a game da muhimmancin ma'adanai da su halitta rarraba ma da gudummawar da inganta ci gaban zamani a fannin binciken kasa, ciki har da ilmi game da yadudduka wani bangare ne na Gwargwadon ambulan na Duniya.

A tsarin da kaddarorin da yanayin ambulan

Geosfera hada hydrosphere, nitsewa kamar goma kilomita zurfin sama da teku matakin, da kuma ɓawon burodi na yanayi, mikawa zuwa tsawo na da nisan kilomita 30. A mafi girma nesa harsashi dabam arba'in kilomita. Wannan Layer aka fuskantar da effects na biyu terrestrial da cosmic tafiyar matakai. Abubuwa samu a uku jiki jihohi, da kuma iya hada kankanin na farko barbashi kamar kwayoyin zarra, ions da kwayoyin amma kuma sun hada da mutane da yawa ƙarin multicomponent Tsarin. A tsarin da yanayin harsashi ne yawanci dauke a matsayin al'umma da na halitta da kuma zamantakewa mamaki. Aka gyara yanayin ambulan wakilta a matsayin kankara a duniya a ɓawon burodi, iska, ruwa, ƙasa kuma biogeocoenoses.

Halayyar fasali na geosphere

A tsarin da kaddarorin yanayin harsashi nufa da dama da muhimmanci halaye. Wadannan su ne: mutunci, sake zagayowar na al'amarin, launi da kuma m ci gaba.

1. The mutunci ne m da sakamako na gudana metabolism da kuma samar da makamashi, da kuma hade da duk aka gyara a haɗa su, a yanki daya abu, inda da canji na kowane daga cikin links iya haifar da duniya canje-canje a duk wasu.
2. Segmented harsashi ne halin da ciwon cyclic wurare dabam dabam al'amari, kamar yanayi da kuma teku wurare dabam dabam na surface igiyoyin. More hadaddun matakai suna tare da wani canji a tara abun da ke ciki na al'amarin (ruwa sake zagayowar). A wasu hawan keke da sinadaran canji na al'amarin, ko abin da ake kira nazarin halittu sake zagayowar.
3. Wata sifa ta wannan harsashi ne ta kari, cewa shi ne, maimaitawa a lokacin daban-daban matakai da mamaki. An sa mafi yawa ta nufin astronomical da ma'aunan kasa tsaro. Akwai 24-hour rhythms (dare da rana), shekara-shekara rhythms (yanayi), rhythms faruwa ga wani karni (misali, 30-shekara hawan keke a cikinsa akwai saɓani a cikin sauyin yanayi, glaciers, lake matakan da ƙara na gudãna). Akwai ma rhythms faruwa ga ƙarni (misali, alternating bulan na sanyi da kuma gumi sauyin yanayi tare da zafi da kuma bushe lokaci, abin da ke faruwa sau daya a 1800-1900 shekaru). Sashen rhythms iya wuce daga 200 zuwa 240 da miliyan shekaru, da sauransu.
4. A tsarin da kaddarorin yanayin harsashi kai tsaye da alaka da bunkasuwar.

ci gaba da cin

Akwai wasu siffofin na da sakamakon da ci gaba da bunkasa. Da fari dai, akwai da gida rabo daga cikin nahiyoyi, tekuna da seabed. A wannan bambanci tasiri na sarari alamu na Gwargwadon tsarin, ciki har da yanayin da altitudinal zonation. Abu na biyu, akwai wani iyakacin duniya jeri na bangaren da aka bayyana a cikin wanzuwar bambanci a Arewa da kudancin hemispheres. Wannan yana bayyana, misali, a cikin rarraba nahiyoyi da kuma tekuna, sauyin yanayi zones, da abun da ke ciki na Flora da fauna jinsunan da landforms da shimfidar. Uku, da ci gaba a geosphere ne inextricably nasaba da na sarari da na halitta heterogeneity. Wannan yana yiwuwa take kaiwa zuwa da cewa a sassa daban daban na bangarori daban-daban na tsarin juyin halitta za a iya lura a lokaci guda. Alal misali, tsoho kankara shekaru a sassa daban-daban na duniya ya fara da ƙare a daban-daban sau. A wasu wuraren da na halitta sauyin yanayi zama mafi m, yayin da a wasu can ne gaba daya m hoto.

lithosphere

Tsarin yanayin harsashi ya hada da irin wannan bangaren a matsayin lithosphere. Yana da wuya, m ɓangare na duniya, har ya zuwa zurfin game da 100 kilomita. Wannan Layer qunshi wani ɓawon burodi da kuma na sama alkyabba. A mafi m da m ƙasa Layer hade da wani lokaci kamar tectonic aiki. A lithosphere ne zuwa kashi 15 babbar tectonic faranti: Arewacin Amirka, Caribbean, South American, Scottish, Antarctic, Eurasian, Balarabe, Afirka, Indian, Filipino, Australian, Pacific, Juan de Fuca, da Nazca da Cocos. Abun da ke ciki Duniya yanayin harsashi a cikin wadanda yankunan halin gaban daban-daban na kankara na lithosphere da cortical alkyabba. Lithospheric ɓawon burodi halin da nahiyar da kuma Oceanic gabbro gneiss. Kasa da iyaka, a cikin sama alkyabbar auku peridotite kankara yafi kunshi ma'adanai Olivine da pyroxene.

hulda da aka gyara

A abun da ke ciki na labarin kasa ambulan ya hada da hudu na halitta geosphere: da lithosphere, hydrosphere, yanayi da kuma biosphere. Ruwa evaporates daga tekuna da ruwaye, da iskõki matsar da iska ya kwarara a kan ƙasa, akwai ake kafa, da kuma hazo da dama, wanda ya koma zuwa teku a hanyoyi daban-daban. A nazarin halittu sake zagayowar daga cikin kayan lambu mulki ne a maida da inorganics zuwa organics. Bayan halakar rayayyun kwayoyin halitta, kwayoyin abubuwa suna koma zuwa ga ƙasã ta ɓawon burodi hankali canza kama zuwa inorganic.

A mafi muhimmanci Properties

Kadarorin Gwargwadon cover:

1. The yiwuwar makamashi ajiya da kuma hira da hasken rana haske.
2. A gaban da free makamashin da ake bukata domin wani babban iri-iri na halitta tafiyar matakai.
3. A musamman ikon nuna nazarin halittu bambancin da bauta a matsayin halitta mazauninsu ga rayuwa.
4. Gwargwadon cover Properties hada da babban iri-iri da sunadarai abubuwa.
5. Energy zo biyu daga sararin samaniya da kuma daga zurfin ƙaunar da ƙasa.

The musamman da suka bambanta da Gwargwadon ambulan ne cewa a jamsin na lithosphere, yanayi da kuma hydrosphere a cikin kwayoyin rayuwa. A nan kuma akwai aka har yanzu tasowa dukan al'ummar dan Adam, ta yin amfani da zama dole albarkatun ga rayuwar. Segmented daina kai hare hare ta rufe dukan duniya, don haka shi ne ake kira planetary hadaddun hada da kankara hada ɓawon burodi, iska da ruwa, ƙasa kuma babban nazarin halittu bambancin.