Sulfated acid: dabara da kuma sinadaran Properties

Daya daga cikin na farko ma'adinai acid, wanda ya zama sananne ga mutum - shi ne sulfuric acid, ko sulfate. Ba wai kawai shi ne cewa, amma da dama na salts ana amfani da shiri, magani, abinci da masana'antu da kuma ga fasaha dalilai. Ya zuwa yanzu a cikin wannan girmamawa, kome ya canza. Da dama halaye da cewa ya mallaka acid sulphate, ya sa shi sauki ba makawa a sinadaran syntheses. Bugu da ƙari, a kusan dukkan sassa na masana'antu da kuma rayuwar yau da kullum ana amfani da salts daga gare ta. Saboda haka, mu yi la'akari da su daki-daki, abin da kuma abin da suke da halaye nuna Properties.

A iri-iri na sunayen

Bari mu fara da cewa sunayen a cikin wannan damuwa mai yawa. Daga gare su akwai waɗanda suke kafa ta a m nomenclature, da waɗanda suke da tarihi. Saboda haka, wannan fili ake cewa:

• acid sulphate.
• vitriol.
• sulfuric acid.
• oleum.

Ko da yake kalmar "oleum" ba gaba ɗaya dace da abu saboda shi ne cakuda sulfuric acid da kuma mafi girma oxide sulfur - SO _3.

Acid sulphate: kwayoyin dabara da kuma tsarin

Daga cikin ra'ayinsa na sinadaran abbreviations rubuta da dabara na wannan acid na iya zama haka: H ₂ SO _4. Babu shakka cewa kwayoyin da aka hada biyu hydrogen cations da acid saura anion - sulfate ion ciwon 2+ cajin.

Kamar wancan ne a cikin DNA, da wadannan sadarwar:

• covalent iyakacin duniya tsakanin sulfur da oxygen.
• karfi da iyakacin duniya covalent tsakanin hydrogen da acid saura SO _4.

Sera da ciwon 6 unpaired electrons suranta biyu biyu shaidu biyu oxygen kwayoyin halitta. Ko da tare da biyu - daya, da kuma waɗanda suke a cikin bi da bi - guda hydrogen. A sakamakon daga cikin kwayoyin tsarin damar da shi ya zama da isasshen ƙarfi. A lokaci guda, da hydrogen cation ne sosai mobile da kuma sauki tafi, saboda sulfur da oxygen ne ya fi girma sosai a electronegativity. Ja da electron yawa kanta, sun samar da wani hydrogen m tabbatacce cajin, wanda a lokacin da detaching ne duka. Kamar wancan kafa acid mafita a wanda yake H ^+.

Da yake jawabi game da hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihohin abubuwa a cikin fili, da acid sulfate dabara cikinsa H ₂ SO _4, sauƙi damar da lissafi na: hydrogen y +1, y -2 oxygen, sulfur a +6.

Kamar yadda a wani DNA, da net cajin ne sifili.

Tarihi na samu

Sulfate acid da aka sani zuwa ga mutane tun mafi zamanin da. Ko alchemists sun iya karba da shi hanyoyi daban-daban na calcining sulfate. Daga cikin IX karni, mutane sun samu da kuma amfani da wannan abu. Daga baya a Turai Albertus Magnus koya cire acid a kan aiwatar da bazuwar na baƙin ƙarfe sulphate.

Duk da haka, babu wani daga cikin hanyoyin da aka ba riba. Sa'an nan ta kõma san abin da ake kira kira jam'iyya embodiment. Domin wannan kona sulfur da nitrate, da kuma samo asali vapors tunawa ruwa. A sakamakon haka, acid sulphate kafa.

Har yanzu daga baya, Birtaniya sun iya samun mafi arha Hanyar da samun da abu. Mun yi amfani da pyrite - FeS _2, da baƙin ƙarfe pyrites. Its da harbe-harben da suka biyo bayan dauki tare da oxygen har yanzu suna daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci masana'antu tafiyar matakai don kira na sulfuric acid. Irin wannan raw kayan more m, araha da kuma inganci ga manyan girma samar.

jiki Properties

Akwai da dama zažužžukan, ciki har da na waje, wanda shi ne daban-daban daga sauran acid sulfate. Jiki Properties za a iya bayyana a 'yan maki:

1. A karkashin tuta yanayi, - ruwa.
2. A wani dabzar jihar shi ne nauyi, m, wanda ya sa aka kira "mai na vitriol".
3. Abu Yawa - 1,84 g / cm ^3.
4. Yana yana da wani launi, ko wari.
5. Yana yana da karfi "tagulla" dandano.
6. Yana dissolves cikin ruwa sosai, kusan Unlimited.
7. Hygroscopic, shi ne iya kama duka biyu free kuma mamaye ruwa daga kyallen takarda.
8. A nonvolatile.
9. Tafasar batu - 296 ° ^C.
10. Narkewa a 10.3 ^° C

Daya daga cikin mafi muhimman siffofin da wannan fili ne da ikon hydrate da a saki babban adadin zafi. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ko da a makaranta, yara suna koyar da cewa ruwa da aka kara wa acid a cikin wani hali ba shi yiwuwa, amma da haka ba. Bayan duk, ruwa ne m, a yawa, don haka shi za tara a farfajiya. Idan da cika fuska ƙara da shi zuwa ga acid, sakamakon dauki soke fitar da makamashi sosai da cewa ruwa ya fara tafasa da kuma za a fesa tare da barbashi wani hatsari abu. Yana iya sa mai tsanani sinadaran konewa da fata na hannun.

Ya kamata saboda haka ya zama digon zuba acid a cikin ruwa, sa'an nan da cakuda da aka mai tsanani da karfi, amma ruwan ba ya faruwa, ya kuma inganta splashing ma.

sinadaran Properties

Daga cikin sinadaran ra'ayinsa, wannan acid ne sosai karfi, musamman idan aka mayar da hankali bayani. Yana dibasic, duk da haka stepwise dissociates ta samar da gidrosulfat- kuma sulfate anion.

A general, ta hulda da daban-daban mahadi gana duka na asali halayen hali na wannan aji na abubuwa. Akwai misalai da dama da lissafai wanda ke taka rawa sulphate acid. Chemical Properties aka bayyana a cikin hulda da:

• salts.
• karfe oxides da hydroxides.
• amphoteric oxides da hydroxides.
• karafa tsaye a electrochemical jerin to hydrogen.

A sakamakon irin wannan interactions a kusan dukkan lokuta da nufin salts kafa na acid (sulfates), ko acidic (hydrogen sulfates).

A musamman alama ne ma da cewa da karfe a cikin saba hanya ni + H ₂ SO ₄ = MeSO ₄ + H ₂ ↑ wani bayani na abu reacts, Ina nufin tsarma acid. Idan muka dauki wani dabzar ko sosai cikakken (oleum), da dauki kayayyakin ne quite daban-daban.

Musamman Properties na sulfuric acid

Wadannan sun hada da wani kawai mayar da hankali mafita hulda da karafa. Saboda haka, akwai wani zane da aka nuna dukan manufa na wadannan halayen:

1. Idan da karfe ne aiki, sakamakon shi ne samuwar hydrogen sulphide, salts da kuma ruwa. Wannan ne, sulfur an rage wa -2.
2. Idan talakawan aiki na karfe, sakamakon - sulfur, gishiri da kuma ruwan. Wannan shi ne, dawo da sulfate ion zuwa free sulfur.
3. Metals low sinadaran aiki (bayan hydrogen) - sulfur dioxide, gishiri da kuma ruwan. A sulfur a hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar +4.

Har ila yau, musamman Properties sulfate acid ne da ikon zuwa oxidize wasu wadanda ba karafa zuwa ga mafi hadawan abu da iskar shaka jihar da kuma amsa tare da hadaddun mahadi da oxidizing su zuwa sauki abubuwa.

Hanyar domin samar da masana'antu

Sulphate aiwatar sulfuric acid da aka hada da biyu na asali iri:

• pin.
• hasumiya.

Dukansu sun fi na kowa hanyoyin a cikin masana'antu a duniya. A farko embodiment dogara ne a kan yin amfani da matsayin albarkatun kasa da baƙin ƙarfe pyrites ko pyrite sulfur - FeS _2. A total akwai uku bulan:

1. Calcination na albarkatun kasa ta samar a matsayin samfurin da konewa na sulfur dioxide.
2. Wucewa wannan gas ta hanyar oxygen a kan wani vanadium kara kuzari ta samar da sulfur trioxide - SO _3.
3. A sha hasumiya ne da za'ayi dissolving da anhydride a cikin bayani na sulfate acid tare da babban taro bayani samuwar - oleum. Nauyi sosai m m ruwa.

A na biyu embodiment - shi ne kusan guda, amma nitrogen oxides ana amfani da mai kara kuzari. A cikin sharuddan sigogi kamar samfurin quality, kudin da ikon amfani, da tsarki na raw kayan, da yi, da farko hanya ne mafi inganci, kuma m, don haka aka yi amfani da mafi sau da yawa.

kira dakin gwaje-gwaje

Idan kana so ka samu sulfuric acid a kananan yawa domin awon gwaji, hanya mafi kyau don hulɗa tare da hydrogen sulfide m karfe sulfates.

A cikin wadannan lokuta, da samuwar ferrous sulfide, kuma an kafa a matsayin byproduct na sulfuric acid. Domin kananan nazarin irin wannan zabin ne m, amma da tsarki na wannan acid zai zama babu daban-daban.

Har ila yau a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na iya zama wani ingantaccen martani ga sulfate mafita. Mafi na kowa reagent ne chloride na barium, tun Ba ²⁺ ions tare da sulfate anion precipitates a farin precipitate - barite madara: H ₂ SO ₄ + BaCL ₂ = 2HCL + BaSO ₄ ↓

Mafi na kowa gishiri

Sulfated acid da kuma sulfates wanda shi Forms, suna da muhimmanci mahadi a da yawa masana'antu da kuma iyali filayen, ciki har da abinci. Da aka fi sulfuric acid salts ne da wadannan:

1. Gypsum (alabaster, selenite). Chemical sunan - mai ruwa-ruwa hydrated alli sulphate. Formula: CaSO _4. Yana amfani a yi, magani, ɓangaren litattafan almara da kuma takarda masana'antu, da kayan ado.
2. Barite (barytes). Barium sulfate. The bayani ne a Milky precipitate. A m tsari - m lu'ulu'u. Amfani a cikin Tantancewar na'urorin, X-ray radiation, domin yi na wani insulating shafi.
3. Mirabilite (Glauber ta gishiri). Chemical sunan - crystalline sodium sulphate decahydrate. Formula: Na ₂ SO ₄ * 10H ₂ O. Ana amfani da magani a matsayin laxative.

Daya zai iya buga a matsayin misalai na da yawa salts, wanda su ne daga m muhimmanci. Duk da haka, da muka ambata a sama - ya fi na kowa.

kraft sayar da giya

Wannan abu ne da wani bayani wanda aka kafa ta thermal jiyya na itace, Ina nufin cellulose. Babban manufar wannan dangane - samu ta sayar da giya da sabulu da magance. A sunadarai abun da ke ciki na sulfate sayar da giya ne kamar haka:

• lignin.
• hydroxy.
• monosaccharides.
• phenols.
• resins.
• da kuma maras tabbas m acid.
• sulfides, chlorides, carbonates da sulfates na sodium.

Akwai biyu main iri na kayan: fari da kuma baki kraft sayar da giya. White ke da ɓangaren litattafan almara da kuma takarda masana'antu, da kuma baki amfani ga baki sayar da giya da sabulu a cikin masana'antar.

main aikace-aikace

A shekara-shekara samar da sulfuric acid ne miliyan 160. Tan a kowace shekara. Wannan ne mai matukar muhimmanci adadi, wanda ya nuna muhimmancin da kuma Yaduwar wannan fili. Akwai da dama masana'antu da kuma wuraren da ya zama dole a yi amfani da acid sulphate:

1. Baturin a matsayin electrolyte, musamman a cikin gubar.
2. A shuke-shuke inda sulphate taki samar. The girma na acid ne daidai da yi na ma'adinai barbarar shuke-shuke. Saboda haka, shuke-shuke da samar da sulfuric acid da kuma samar da takin sau da yawa gina kusa.
3. A cikin masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci kamar yadda wani emulsifier, kaddamarda E513 code.
4. Da yawa Organic kira a matsayin dehydrating wakili, mai kara kuzari. Kamar wancan samu fashewa, resins, ƙuna, nailan, propylene da ethylene, dyes, sunadarai zaruruwa, esters da sauran mahadi.
5. Amfani a cikin CD domin ruwa tsarkakewa kuma yi na distilled ruwa.
6. Amfani a cikin hakar kuma aiki na rare abubuwa daga tama.

Kuma mai yawa na sulfuric acid da aka kashe a dakin gwaje-gwaje gwaje-gwaje, inda shi aka samar da gida wajen.