Shuka cell. Features na shuka Kwayoyin

A jikin rayayyun kwayoyin halitta na iya zama daya guda cell, su kungiya ko wata babbar tari, lambobi biliyoyin na farko Tsarin. A karshen hada da yawancin mafi girma shuke-shuke. nazarin Kwayoyin - ainihin kashi na tsarin da kuma ayyuka na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta - tsunduma a cytology. Wannan reshe na nazarin halittun suka fara samar hanzari bayan gano na'urar hange, inganta chromatography da sauran hanyoyin da Biochemistry. Ka yi la'akari da babban fasali, kazalika da siffofin ga wanda shuka cell ne daban-daban daga cikin tsarin da karami tsarin raka'a kwayoyin, fungi da kuma dabbobi.

Bude Kwayoyin R. Hooke

A ka'idar da kankanin gini tubalan dukkan rayuwa ya samo asali, auna a daruruwan shekaru. A tsarin da membrane na shuka Kwayoyin suna fara gani a wani microscope Birtaniya masanin kimiyya Robert Hooke. Janar guzuri cell jarrabawa tsara Schleiden da Schwann, kafin yin irin wannan binciken da sauran masu bincike.

Banasare Robert Hooke nazari a karkashin wani microscope sashe na toshe kwalaba oak, da kuma gabatar da sakamakon a wani taro na Royal Society a London a kan Afrilu 13, 1663 (bisa ga wasu kafofin, da ya faru a 1665). Sai ya juya daga cewa itace haushi aka yi sama da kankanin Kwayoyin kira Hooke "Kwayoyin." A ganuwar wadannan masallatai a juna a cikin wani nau'i na saƙar zuma, wani masanin kimiyya dauke rai al'amari da rami gane m karin tsarin. Daga baya an tabbatar da cewa, a shuka da dabbobi Kwayoyin dauke da wani abu, ba tare da abin da suke zama, da kuma aiki na dukan kwayoyin.

cell ka'idar

An muhimmanci samu ta R. Hooke aka ci gaba a cikin ayyukan da wasu malamai suka yi binciken da tsarin da Kwayoyin dabbobi da kuma shuke-shuke. Similar tsarin abubuwa lura da masana kimiyya a microscopic sassan kwayar fungi. An gano cewa tsarin raka'a rayayyun kwayoyin halitta suna da ikon su raba. Bisa nazarin da wakilan nazarin halittu kimiyyar a Jamus M. Schleiden kuma T. Schwann tsara da jarrabawa cewa ya zama cell ka'idar.

Kwatanta Kwayoyin tsirrai da dabbobi da kwayoyin cuta, algae da fungi ya yarda Jamus masu bincike zuwa zo da wadannan ƙarshe: Robert Hooke gano "kyamara" - wani asali tsarin raka'a, da kuma kai su a cikin matakai na rayuwa ne a cikin zuciya na mafi kwayoyin a Duniya. An muhimmanci Bugu da kari sanya ta R. Virchow a 1855, inda ya lura cewa cell division - kadai hanya zuwa ga kiwo filaye. A ka'idar Schleiden-Schwann tare da updates ya zama ƙara yarda a ilmin halitta.

Cell - da karami kashi na tsarin da kuma aiki na shuke-shuke

Bisa ga msar tambayar arziki na Schleiden da Schwann, Organic duniya ne daya da cewa ya nuna a irin wannan microscopic tsarin shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Baya ga wadannan biyu sammai, da wanzuwar cell ne halayyar fungi, kwayoyin cuta, da kuma a cikin rashi na ƙwayoyin cuta. A ci gaba da kuma ci gaban rayayyun kwayoyin halitta aka bayar da zargin sabon Kwayoyin a kan aiwatar da rarraba data kasance mãsu girmansu.

Kwayar kwayoyin - ba kawai jari na tsarin abubuwa. Kananan tsarin raka'a hulɗa tare da juna ta samar da kyallen takarda da kuma gabobin. Celled kwayoyin rayuwa a cikin kadaici, wanda ba ya hana su, su don ƙirƙirar mazauna. Babban fasali na Kwayoyin:

• da ikon da m zama.
• nasu metabolism.
• kai-haifuwa.
• ci gaba.

A ci gaba da rayuwa na daya daga cikin muhimman matakai da aka rabuwa na tsakiya daga cytoplasm ta wajen wani m membrane. Sadarwa da aka kiyaye su, saboda baya ga wadannan Tsarin iya ba wanzu. Yanzu ware biyu superkingdom - maras makaman nukiliya da kuma makaman nukiliya kwayoyin. Na biyu kungiyar kunshi shuke-shuke, fungi da dabbobi, wanda aka tsunduma a cikin binciken da ya dace sassan kimiyya da ilmin halitta a general. Shuka cell yana da wani tsakiya, cytoplasm da wasu gabbansa, wanda za a ambata a kasa.

A iri-iri na shuka Kwayoyin

A nuna na cikakke kankana, apples ko dankali za a iya gani da ido tsirara tsarin "cell", cike da ruwa. Wannan parenchyma Kwayoyin 'ya'yan ciwon diamita na 1 mm. Bast zaruruwa - elongated tsarin da ciwon tsawon ma fi nisa. Alal misali, wata shuka cell, wanda ake ce da auduga ya kai wani tsawon 65 mm. Bast fiber Rama da hemp da mikakke girma na 40-60 mm. Hankula Kwayoyin suna da yawa kasa -20-50 microns. Ka yi la'akari da wadannan kananan gini tubalan iya zama a karkashin hange. Features na karami raka'a shuka jiki tsarin suna bayyana ba kawai a cikin siffar da size da bambance-bambance, amma kuma a cikin ayyuka yi a matsayin wani bangare na kyallen takarda.

Shuka cell: ainihin fasali na tsarin

Tsakiya da kuma cytoplasm ne a hankali m da kuma hulɗa tare da juna, wanda aka tabbatar da bincike da masana kimiyya. Wannan shi ne babban ɓangare na wani eukaryotic cell, ya dogara ne a kan su da sauran abubuwa na tsarin. Kwaya amfani ga jari da kuma canja wurin da kwayoyin bayanai da ake bukata domin gina jiki kira.

Birtaniya masanin kimiyya Robert Brown a 1831 a karon farko lura a cikin shuka cell na orchid iyali musamman jiki (tsakiya). Shi ne mai core kewaye da wani Semi-cytoplasm. Sunan wannan abu ne a zahiri translation daga Girkanci for "da taro na farko Kwayoyin." Yana iya zama wani ruwa ko danko sosai, amma ba dole ba ne mai rufi da membrane. M daina kai hare hare Kwayoyin kunshi da farko na cellulose, lignin, kakin zuma. Daya daga cikin halaye, wanda ya bambanta da Kwayoyin tsirrai da dabbobi, - gaban wannan m cellulosic bango.

A tsarin da cytoplasm

A ciki na shuka cell cika da hyaloplasm dakatar cikinta kankanin granules. Kusa da ake kira harsashi endoplasma zama mafi danko sosai ekzoplazmu. Yana da wadannan abubuwa, wanda suna cike da tsirrai, bauta a matsayin wani wuri na biochemical halayen da kuma kai sadarwa, da jeri na wasu gabbansa da inclusions.

Aƙalla 70-85% na cytoplasm na ruwa, 10-20% ne sunadarai, da sauran sinadaran da aka gyara - carbohydrates, lipids, ma'adinai mahadi. Shuka Kwayoyin suna da cytoplasm, a cikinsa daga karshen-kayayyakin na kira ne ba bioregulators ayyuka da kuma maye abubuwa (bitamin, enzymes, mai, sitaci).

core

Kwatanta shuka da dabbobi Kwayoyin nuna cewa suna da irin wannan Tsarin tsakiya a cikin cytoplasm da kuma mamaye har zuwa 20% na ta girma. A Banasare R. Brown, na farko lokacin da ya dauke karkashin madubin wannan muhimmanci da kuma m bangaren na dukkan eukaryotes, ya ba shi sunan daga Latin kalma tsakiya. Bayyanar nuclei yawanci ma'ana da cell siffar da kuma size, amma wani lokacin daban-daban. Ake bukata abubuwa na tsarin - membrane karyolymph, da nucleolus kuma chromatin.

A cikin membrane raba tsakiya daga cytoplasm, akwai pores. Bayan wadannan abubuwa shiga daga tsakiya zuwa cytoplasm da kuma mayar. Karyolymph ne wani ruwa ko danko sosai abinda ke ciki daga makaman nukiliya chromatin yankuna. A nucleolus ƙunshi ribonucleic acid (RNA), iya shiga cikin cytoplasm da ribosome su shiga a gina jiki kira. Sauran nucleic acid - deoxyribonucleic (DNA) - shi ne ma ba a manyan yawa. DNA da RNA da aka fara gano a cikin dabba Kwayoyin a 1869, daga baya samu a tsire-tsire. Core - ne "kula da cibiyar" daga cikin kwayuka matakai, da wurin ma'ajiyin bayanai na hereditary halaye na dukan kwayoyin.

Endoplasmic reticulum (EPS)

A tsarin da dabba da shuka Kwayoyin yana da karfi da dangantaka. Ko da yaushe ba a cikin cytoplasm na ciki tubules cike da daban-daban asalin da kuma abun da ke ciki na abu. Granular iri-iri EPS bambanta daga gaban santsi irin ribosomes a kan membrane surface. Na farko shi ne shiga a cikin kira na sunadarai, na biyu taka wata rawa a cikin samuwar carbohydrates da lipids. Kamar yadda kafa bincikensa, da tashoshi suna ba kawai shiga cikin cytoplasm, su suna da alaka da kowane organelle da kwayar halitta mai rai. Saboda haka, da darajar EPS an nuna babban yabo a matsayin memba na metabolism, sadarwa tsarin da muhalli.

ribosomes

A tsarin da shuka Kwayoyin ko dabbobi ne wuya su yi tunanin ba tare da wadannan kananan barbashi. Ribosomes ne kadan, sai suka za a iya gani kawai ta hanyar wani na'urar hange. A abun da ke ciki na sel fi yawa sunadaran da ribonucleic acid kwayoyin, akwai wata karamar adadin na alli da magnesium ions. Kusan duk na Kwayoyin mayar da hankali RNA a ribosomes, suka samar da furotin kira, "daukana" na amino acid da sunadaran. A sunadarai sa'an nan ciyar a cikin tashoshi da kuma yada EPS cibiyar sadarwa a ko'ina cikin cell, shiga cikin core.

mitochondria

Wadannan wasu gabbansa Kwayoyin sami ta ikon shuke-shuke, su za a iya gani da wani karuwa a talakawa haske hange. Yawan mitochondria dabam a cikin sosai m iyaka, su zama kamar yadda mutane da yawa raka'a ko dubbai. Organelle tsarin ba ne sosai hadaddun, akwai biyu membranes da matrix ciki. A mitochondria kunshi sia gina jiki, DNA da RNA, ke da alhakin biosynthesis na ATP - adenosine triphosphate. Domin wannan abu na shuka ko dabba Kwayoyin halin gaban uku phosphates. A tsakiyan nonon kowane daga cikinsu na samar da makamashi zama dole ga duk m matakai a cikin cell da kanta, da kuma a ko'ina cikin jiki. Conversely, shiga sharan na phosphoric acid ya sa ya yiwu don canja wurin da kantin sayar da makamashi kamar yadda irin wannan a ko'ina cikin cell.

La'akari da adadi a kasa a kan kwayoyin halitta, kuma suna da wadanda ka riga sani. Lura da manyan kumfa (vacuole) da kuma kore plastids (chloroplast). Za mu tattauna su delshe.

Golgi hadaddun

Complex kunshi da cell organoid pellet membranes da vacuoles. A hadaddun da aka bude a 1898 da kuma aka mai suna bayan wani Italian halitta. Features na shuka Kwayoyin suna kamar yadda a ko'ina yada Golgi barbashi a ko'ina cikin cytoplasm. Masana kimiyya yi imani da cewa hadaddun ake bukata ga tsari na ruwa da abun ciki da sharar gida kayayyakin, cire wuce haddi da kayan.

plastids

Kawai shuka nama Kwayoyin dauke da wasu gabbansa kore. Bugu da kari, akwai wani colorless, rawaya da kuma orange plastids. Sifa da ayyuka na shuka iri nuna iko, da za su iya canza launi saboda sinadaran halayen. The main iri plastids:

• orange da kuma rawaya chromoplasts kafa carotene kuma xanthophylls.
• chloroplast dauke da chlorophyll hatsi, - da kore pigment.
• leucoplasts - colorless plastids.

A tsarin da shuka Kwayoyin da ake dangantawa da kai da shi da sinadaran kira halayen da kwayoyin abubuwa daga carbon dioxide da ruwa ta amfani da hasken makamashi. Sunan wannan ban mamaki da kuma hadadden tsari - photosynthesis. Halayen suna da za'ayi saboda chlorophyll, abu ne m kama da makamashi na hasken masaƙa. A gaban da kore pigment ne saboda da halayyar launi na ganye, ciyawa mai tushe, unripe 'ya'yan itãcen marmari. Chlorophyll ne irin wannan a cikin tsarin to haemoglobin, da jini na dabbobi da mutane.

Red, rawaya da kuma orange launi daban-daban shuka gabobin saboda gaban a Kwayoyin chromoplasts. Su akai shi ne wani babban rukuni na carotenoids taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin metabolism. Leucoplasts alhakin kira da kuma jari na sitaci. Plastids girma da kuma ninka a cikin cytoplasm, da ta tafi tare da ciki membrane da shuka cell. Su ne mai arziki a cikin enzymes, ions, sauran ilimin aiki mahadi.

Da bambance-bambance a cikin microscopic tsarin da manyan kungiyoyin na rayayyun kwayoyin halitta

Mai Kwayoyin kama kankanin jakar cike da gamsai corpuscles, granules da kumfa. Sau da yawa akwai daban-daban inclusions a cikin nau'i na m lu'ulu'u, ma'adanai, mai saukad, sitaci granules. Kwayoyin suna a kusa lamba a cikin abun da ke ciki na shuka kyallen takarda, rayuwa a general dogara da ayyukan da ta fi ƙanƙanta tsarin raka'a kafa naúrar.

Lokacin da akwai wani specialization wata kwayar tsarin cewa an bayyana a daban-daban physiological matsayin da ayyuka na microscopic tsarin abubuwa. Suna m da farko ta wuri na nama a cikin ganye, Tushen, mai tushe, ko generative shuka gabobin.

Mun ware daga cikin manyan abubuwa na gwajin, da shuka cell tare da na farko raka'a tsarin wasu rayayyun kwayoyin halitta:

1. M harsashi halayyar kawai ga shuke-shuke, kafa a fiber (cellulose). A fungi, da membrane kunshi wani m chitin (musamman gina jiki).
2. Kwayoyin tsirrai da fungi bambanta a launi saboda gaban ko babu plastids. Irin wannan wani maraƙi, kamar yadda chloroplast, chromoplasts da leucoplasts, ba kawai a cikin cytoplasm da shuka.
3. Akwai wasu gabbansa da suke bambanta da dabbobi - a centriole (cell cibiyar).
4. Kawai a cikin sel na shuke-shuke gabatar da wani babban tsakiyar vacuole cika da ruwa abinda ke ciki. Yadda aka saba, wannan cell sap canza launin pigments a launi daban-daban.
5. Main kayayyakin fili shuka kwayoyin - sitaci. Fungi da dabbobi tara glycogen a cikin kwayoyin jikinsu.

Daga cikin tsiren ruwan teku da aka sani da yawa guda, free-rai Kwayoyin. Alal misali, irin wannan m jiki ne chlamydomonas. Ko da yake da shuke-shuke bambanta daga dabbobi da kasancewar wani cellulose cell bango, amma jam sel suna hana irin wannan m harsashi - wannan shi ne wani gwaji na hadin kai na Organic duniya.