Stars:-daban na taurari da kuma su rarrabuwa bisa ga launi da kuma size

Kowane mutum san yadda za a yi kama da taurari a sararin sama. Tiny, haske sanyi fari haske fitilu. A zamanin da, mutane ba za su zo da wani bayani ga wannan sabon abu. Star ji idanu daga cikin allolin, da rãyukansu daga matattu kakanninsa, masu riko da kuma majibinta, kare mutum sauran a cikin duhun dare. Sa'an nan babu wanda zai iya ba sun yi zaton cewa Sun - shi ne ma mai star.

Mene ne wani star

Mutane da yawa ƙarni shũɗe a gabãninku, da mutane suka fahimci cewa wakiltar taurari. Nau'in na taurari, da dũkiyõyinsu, misali daga wurin da sinadaran da jiki matakai - wannan shi ne wani sabon yanki na ilimi. Ancient Masana ilmin iya ba ko da tunanin abin da haske a zahiri ba wani kankanin harshen wuta, da kuma amfani da tsauraran matakan size ball na zafi gas, a cikin abin da halayen dauki wuri fe. Akwai wani bakon paradox cewa haskensu Starlight - mai tsanin haske na nukiliya dauki, da kuma jin dadi da dumi rãnã - mai girma zafi na miliyoyin digiri Kelvin.

Duk da taurari da cewa za a iya gani a cikin sama da ido tsirara, akwai a cikin galaxy da Milky Way. Rana - bangare ne na hasken rana tsarin, da kuma shi ne located a kan ta karkata. Ba shi yiwuwa su yi tunanin yadda zai yi kama da dare sama, idan da rana ne a tsakiyar Milky Way. Hakika, da yawan taurari a wannan galaxy - fiye da biliyan 200.

A bit game da tarihin ilmin taurari

Ancient Masana ilmin ma zai iya gaya sabon abu da kuma ban sha'awa game da taurari a sararin sama. Sumerians riga ware mutum masaukai da zodiac, suka karo na farko lasafta ta rarraba jimlar kwana na 360 ^0. Suka halitta mai Lunar kalanda, kuma sun iya Sync da shi da rana. Masarawa yi imani da cewa Duniya ne a cikin cibiyar na sararin duniya, amma mun san cewa Mercury da Venus kewayewa da rana.

A kasar Sin, za mu tsunduma a ilmin taurari a matsayin wani kimiyya a karshen III Millennium BC. e., da kuma na farko ya bayyana a cikin Observatory a XII. BC. e. Sun yi karatu Lunar da kuma hasken rana eclipses, a lokaci guda kasancewa iya fahimtar dalilin da ko da kirga da kimanta kwanan wata, lura meteor kõguna da comets yanayin.

Ancient Incas san bambanci tsakanin taurari da kuma taurari. Akwai tsaye ba da shaida, cewa su, sane da Bagalile da tauraron dan adam na Jupiter , da kuma na gani blurring da shaci na faifai na Venus, saboda gaban na duniya ta yanayi.

A zamanin d Helenawa sun iya tabbatar da sphericity na Duniya, sun nuna heliocentrically tsarin. Sai suka yi kokarin yin lissafi da diamita daga cikin Sun, albeit karyata. Amma Girkawa su ne farkon m nuna cewa Sun girman Duniya, a gaban dukan, dogaro gani kallo, tunani in ba haka ba. Greek Hipparchus halitta na farko kasida da taurari da kuma gano daban-daban na taurari. Nau'in taurari a wannan kimiyya aikin da aka bisa ga haske tsanani. Hipparchus gano 6 haske azuzuwan, duk a cikin kasida da aka 850 manyan malaman.

Abin da ya nemi tsoho ilmin Taurari

Harufan rarrabuwa na taurari bisa laákari da haske. Bayan duk wannan rarrabẽwa ne kawai don wani falaki, dauke da makamai ne kawai tare da kawo nesa kusa. Da haske ko mallaka musamman Properties na taurari da bayyane ko samu nasu sunayen, kuma sun mallaki kowace al'umma. Saboda haka, Deneb, Rigel, kuma Algol - Arab sunayen, Shi'ira - Latin kuma Antares - Greek. Iyakacin duniya Star a cikin kõwace al'umma na da sunan. Wannan shi ne watakila daya daga cikin mafi muhimmanci a cikin "m ji" na taurari. Its wuri a cikin dare sama canzawa, duk da juyawar duniya. Idan da sauran taurari matsawa fadin sama ke daga fitowar rana zuwa faduwar rana, da Arewa Star ba ya canja da wuri. Saboda haka, yana amfani da jirgin da kuma matafiya a matsayin abin dogara da nasa tarihin. Af, m ga sanannen imani, wannan ba da haske star a cikin sama. Iyakacin duniya Star bayyanar ba ya tsaya a waje - ko dai a size, ko tsanani da luminescence. Za ka iya samun shi ne kawai idan ka san inda ya dubi. An located a karshen cikin "guga rike" Ursa Ƙananan.

Mene ne dalilin gagarumi rarrabuwa

Modern ilmin Taurari, amsa tambaya na abin da iri taurari ne, suna da kamar wuya ya ambaci haske ko wuri a cikin dare sama. Shin cewa ze tarihi hangen zaman gaba ko a laccoci, tsara don sosai sosai da nisa daga ilmin taurari masu sauraro.

Modern rarrabuwa na taurari bisa laákari da na bincike. Wannan shi ne yawanci har yanzu nuna taro luminosity da radius daga cikin wani sarari suKe jiki. Duk wadannan Figures aka ba dangane da rana, wanda shi ne daidai da halaye dauka a matsayin naúrar.

Nau'in taurari dangane da wannan rarrabẽwa, da cikakkar girma. Wannan fili haske matakin wani sarari suKe jiki ba tare da yanayi, conventionally armashi a nesa na 10 parsecs daga kallo batu. Bugu da kari, la'akari da canzawa daga cikin haske da kuma girman da star. Nau'in na taurari yanzu ƙaddara da su na aji da kuma riga daki-daki - subclass. Masana ilmin Russell da kuma Hertzsprung da kansa bincikar da dangantaka tsakanin luminance, cikakkar girma, surface zafin jiki da kuma na aji manyan malaman. Sun gina wani zane da Game da tsara gatura, da kuma gano cewa, sakamakon ba m. Asubahin jadawali located a fili rarrabe kungiyoyin. A zane damar, sanin na aji na taurari, domin ayyana a kalla wani m daidaito ta cikakkar girma.

Yadda taurãri haife

Wannan adadi aiki a matsayin wata hujja bayyananniya ga zamani ka'idar juyin halitta wadannan basamaniyai. A jadawali a fili ya nuna cewa mafi girma a aji suna da alaka da abin da ake kira babban jerin taurari. Nau'in na taurari da na ga wannan kashi ne da ya fi na kowa a wannan lokacin a duniya batu na ci gaba. Wannan mataki na haske a da makamashi ciyar ga radiation biya diyya samu a lokacin da Fusion dauki. Lokaci ya ciyar a wannan mataki na wani sarari suKe jiki ne m da taro da kuma yawan abubuwa heavier fiye da helium.

Kullum gane a lokacin da gagarumi juyin halitta ka'ida ya furta cewa, da farko haskakawa mataki ci gaban da aka sallami giant gas girgije. Ƙarƙashin rinjayar da kansa nauyi, shi ne matsa, a hankali juya cikin wani ball. A mafi girma da matsawa, da mafi tsanani da gravitational makamashi ne tuba a cikin zãfi. Gas ne mai tsanani, kuma a lokacin da zafin jiki da kai 15-20 miliyan K, jariri star thermonuclear dauki farawa. Bayan da cewa gravitational matsawa tsari ne dakatar.

Babban lokaci na rayuwar wani star

Da farko, a cikin ciki na matasa manyan malaman fi yawa halayen na hydrogen sake zagayowar. Wannan shi ne mafi tsawo lokaci a cikin rayuwarku ta star. Nau'in na taurari a wannan mataki na ci gaba, da kuma gabatar a cikin mafi m babban jerin zane-zane da aka bayyana a sama. Ƙarshe hydrogen luminary core ƙare juya a cikin helium. Sa'an nan thermonuclear konewa ne kawai zai yiwu a periphery na tsakiya. Star zama haske ta m yadudduka ne ƙwarai inganta, da kuma zafin jiki da aka saukar. Samaniya jiki jũya a cikin wani ja giant. Wannan lokaci na rayuwar wani star ya fi guntu fiye da baya daya. Its kara ƙaddara shi ne kadan karatu. Akwai da dama da zaton mu, amma sun sahihanci a idanun shaida ba a samu. Mafi na kowa ka'idar ne cewa a lokacin da helium zama da yawa, da gagarumi core, iya kai da kansa nauyi, an matsa. A zafin jiki qara har, yayin da helium ba riga zo a cikin Fusion dauki. Babban yanayin zafi kai ga na gaba fadada, kuma da star zama ja giant. A kara rabo daga cikin manyan malaman a kan zato da masana kimiyya, dogara a kan ta taro. Amma theories game da wannan, amma sakamakon kwamfuta tallan kayan kawa, ba a tabbatar da lura.

cools taurari

Mai yiwuwa, ja Refayawa tare da karamin taro za a matsa, zama dwarfs da hankali sanyaya saukar. Star na talakawan nauyi za a iya canza kama zuwa wani planetary nebula, yayin da a cibiyar irin wannan tarbiyya za su ci gaba da zama bã tãre da waje marufai core sannu a hankali sanyaya saukar da zama fari Dwarf. Idan tsakiya taurari emit gagarumin infrared radiation, akwai yanayi na kunnawa a wani fa] a] gas harsashi planetary nebula cosmic maser.

M manyan malaman ƙunci iya cimma irin wannan matsin lamba matakin cewa electrons zahiri lan wasa a atomic nuclei, masu tasowa, a cikin neutrons. kamar yadda tsakanin wadannan barbashi ne babu electrostatic tunkuxe, da star za a iya matsa zuwa wani size da dama kilomita. A wannan yanayin, ta yawa ya wuce da yawa daga ruwa ne miliyan 100 sau. Irin wannan star aka kira wani neutron, kuma shi ne, a gaskiya, wata babbar atomic tsakiya.

Supermassive taurari ci gaba da zama jẽre a cikin shakka daga rairaya da Fusion halayen da helium - carbon, sa'an nan oxygen daga shi - silicon, kuma a karshe baƙin ƙarfe. A wannan mataki, da Fusion dauki auku supernova fashewa. Supernovae, bi da bi, za a iya juya a cikin wani neutron, idan su taro ne babban isa ga ci gaba da matsawa zuwa cikin mawuyacin iyaka da kuma samar da baki ramukan.

girma

Nau'in taurari a size za a iya samunsa cikin hanyoyi biyu. The jiki size na star za a iya bayyana ta wurin radius. Naúrar a cikin wannan yanayin ne radius na rana. Akwai Dwarf, matsakaici-sized taurari, gwarzayen da supergiants. Af, da Sun kanta ne kawai a Dwarf. A radius daga neutron taurari iya isa kawai 'yan kilomita. Kuma a cikin supergiant gaba ɗaya shige da kewayewa na duniya Mars. Karkashin taurãri da size kuma za a iya gane ta wurin taro. An hankali alaka da diamita manyan malaman. The star ne mafi girma ƙananan da yawa, kuma conversely, da ƙasa da haske, da hakan da yawa. Wannan qa'idar viriruetsya ba sosai. Stars cewa ne ya fi girma ko karami fiye da 10 Sun sau, sosai kadan. Mafi yawa daga cikin hasken da aka sanya a cikin kewayon daga 60 zuwa 0.03 hasken rana talakawa. Sun yawa, dauka a kan wata farko index ne 1.43 g / cm ^3. White dwarfs yawa kai 10 ¹² g / cm ³ da kuma da yawa daga cikin diluted supergiants iya zama miliyoyin sau kasa da hasken rana.

A misali star rarrabuwa makirci na rarraba da nauyi ne kamar haka. Domin kananan fitilu hada da wani nauyi daga 0,08 zuwa 0.5 rana. Don matsakaici - daga 0.5 zuwa 8 hasken rana taro, kuma ga m - 8 ko fiye.

Nau'in taurari. Daga blue to fari

Nau'in taurari da launi zahiri ba bisa bayyane jiki haske, kuma na halaye. Watsi bakan da abu ƙaddara da sinadaran abun da ke ciki na taurari, kuma ya dogara a kan ta zazzabi. Mafi na kowa rarrabuwa ne Harvard, kafa a farkon karni na 20th. Bisa ga yarda matsayin, sa'an nan rarrabuwa a kan launi taurari da shawara mai rabo a cikin 7 iri.

. Saboda haka, da taurari, da mafi yawan zafin jiki daga 30 zuwa 60 dubu K, kira a matsayin Class A. Su manyan malaman blue, taro irin wannan basamaniyai 60 ya kai hasken rana talakawa (s. M.), Kuma da radius - 15 hasken rana radii (s. p.). Lines na hydrogen da helium a bakan wajen rauni. Luminance kama wani sarari suKe abubuwa iya isa 1 da miliyan 400 da dubu. Solar luminosities (s. C.).

Don taurarin aji B sun hada da haske da zazzabi na 10 zuwa dubu 30. K. Wannan basamaniyai fari da kuma shudi, su nauyi farawa daga 18 seconds. m, alhãli kuwa da radius -. 7 p. m. A low luminosity abubuwa na wannan aji ne 20 dubu. s. s., kuma mai hydrogen layi a bakan an inganta, kai talakawan dabi'u.

A Class A taurari da zazzabi jeri daga 7,5 zuwa 10 dubu. Domin su ne fari. The m nauyin wannan basamaniyai farawa a 3.1 seconds. m, alhãli kuwa da radius -. 2.1 seconds. p. A luminosity na abubuwa da yake a cikin kewayon daga 80 zuwa 20 da dubu. S. wani. Hydrogen Lines a bakan karfi daga wadannan taurari sun bayyana karfe line.

Abubuwan da aji F ne ainihin rawaya-farin launi, amma ya bayyana fari. Su zazzabi jeri daga 6 zuwa 7.5 dubu K, taro kewayon daga 1.7 zuwa 3.1 sm radius -. 1.3 to 2.1 s. p. A luminosity taurari irin wannan jeri daga 6 zuwa 80. wani. hydrogen raunana layi a bakan, karfe Lines, a maimakon haka, an inganta.

Saboda haka, duk wani nau'i na fari taurari fada a cikin azuzuwan A to F. Bugu da ari, bisa ga rarrabuwa, bi da rawaya da orange.

Yellow, orange da kuma ja taurari

Nau'in na taurari a launi rarraba daga blue to ja, tare da ragewa da zazzabi, da kuma rage girman da luminosity daga cikin abu.

Star Class G, k da cewa tana nufin Sun isa zazzabi na 5 zuwa 6 da dubu. Domin, su ne rawaya. The nauyi na wannan abubuwa - daga 1.1 zuwa 1.7 s. M., The radius - daga 1.1 zuwa 1.3 seconds. p. Luminance - daga 1.2 zuwa 6 seconds. wani. Na Lines helium da karafa m hydrogen line weaker.

Light, na ga aji K, da zazzabi na daga 3.5 zuwa 5 dubu K. Sun bayyana yellow-orange, amma gaskiya launi daga wadannan taurari -. Orange. A radius daga cikin bayanai abubuwa adana a cikin kewayon daga 0.9 zuwa 1.1 s. . P, nauyi - daga 0.8 zuwa 1.1 s. m. Haske jeri daga 0.4 zuwa 1.2 seconds. wani. Hydrogen Lines ne kusan ganuwa, karfe Lines ne da karfi.

Mai sanyi da kuma kadan taurari - Class M. The zafin jiki ne kawai 2.5 - 3.5 dubu K, kuma suka ze zama ja, amma a gaskiya wadannan abubuwa ne orange-ja .. Mass star ne a cikin kewayon daga 0.3 zuwa 0.8. M., The radius - daga 0.4 zuwa 0.9 s. p. Luminance - kawai 0,04 - 0.4 s. wani. Wannan mutuwa taurari. Colder su kawai kwanan nan gano ruwan kasa dwarfs. Domin wadannan gano wani takamaiman aji M-T.