A farko American jannati Alan Shepard. Manufa na "Mercury-Redstone 3" May 5, 1961

Domin da yawa daga cikin shahararrun mutane a cikin bincike na sarari ne, Yuri Gagarin da Neil Armstrong. Wakilin tarayyar Soviet na farko ya tashi a sararin samaniya da kuma mayar da rai, da kuma Amurka - ya sauka a kan wata.

Duk da haka, Armstrong - ba na farko American jannati. Su suna dauke su wani mabanbanta mutum. Tarihinsa, aiki da manufa da za a tattauna a cikin labarin.

Shirya domin zabin da 'yan saman jannati

Shi ne ba wani asirin da cewa biyu iko su ne babban gasa a kan batun na nazarin sararin samaniya. A Amurka, matsalar da hannu a cikin Research cibiyar Langley (Virginia). Duk da haka, ban da zayyana da kuma tunzura a cikin aiki da kumbon sama jannati, ya wajaba a samar da wata detachment na 'yan saman jannati.

Shiri ga wannan ya fara ne tare da Nuwamba 1958. Na farko rukuni na Amurka 'yan saman jannati da za a zaba a dama, saukarwa. Da farko muna son mu zabi daya ɗari da hamsin da 'yan takara aka hankali tace daga wannan rukuni na mutane a sakamakon likita da m gwaje-gwaje, kazalika da tara-wata horo. A sakamakon zabin ya ci gaba da zama shida 'yan saman jannati.

Muhimmanci tsangwama tare da search for 'yan takara da aka yanke shawara na shugaban kasar Dwight Eisenhower, wanda gan kawai mafi kyau' yan takara a cikin gwajin matukan jirgi. Daga cikin wadannan zaži kuma karfe.

zabi na 'yan saman jannati

By farkon 1959 fara selection. Shiryar da masana wadannan sharudda:

• tsawo - 180 cm.
• m yanayin jiki.
• shekaru - har zuwa shekara arba'in.
• ilimi - fasaha (tuzuru).
• musamman ilimi - da gwajin matukin jirgi.
• tashi kwarewa - ba kasa da goma sha biyar da ɗari hours.

A cewar wadannan sharudda, wakilai daga NASA zabi 110 da 'yan takara, wanda aka zaba a kungiyar a cikin adadin 36 mutane don gudanar da wani karin gwaje-gwaje. A cikin nassi na hankali likita da m jarrabawa amince da 32 da 'yan takara. Daya daga cikinsu da aka deselected, don haka da Research Center isa 31 matukin jirgi. Bugu da ari selection ya wuya sosai. A karshen, da kwararru da zabi ba shida, amma mutane bakwai ga jirgin.

Matukan jirgi kira 'yan saman jannati, da kuma sunayensu sun sanar 09.04.1959 shekara. Daga cikin su shi ma na farko American jannati.

A farko bakwai da Alan Shepard

Duk da 'yan saman jannati sun iyali maza da aikin injiniya da ilimi, a cikin m jiki siffar. Su zamanai jeri daga 32 zuwa 37 da haihuwa.

A jerin farko bakwai da soja daraja:

• Dzhon Glenn - Kanar.
• Gordon Cooper, Virgil Grissom, Donald Slayton - shugabanni.
• Alan Shepard, Walter Schirra - m lieutenants.
• Scott Carpenter - Lieutenant.

Daga cikin su shi ne daya wanda aka bayar da lakabi "na farko American jannati." Maza fara shirya domin jirgin farko a kan tushen da Research Center a Virginia, sa'an nan - a Houston (Texas). Kowane wakilin Group of Bakwai na da specialization. A protagonist na labarin karatu da aiki na ceto kuma tracking tsarin.

ilimi Shepard

Alan aka haife kan 18.11.1923 a birnin Derry. A shekaru 36, ya zama daya daga cikin bakwai 'yan saman jannati zaba ta hanyar NASA for manned sarari jirgin. A fannoni da dama, wannan gudummawar da ilimin da ya samu.

Future jannati Alan Shepard a lokaci sauke karatu daga Academy College of Admiral Farragut, da sojan ruwa Academy da wani mataki na digiri na farko, sojan ruwa College.

Career mai tafiyan jirgin sama

Bayan samun digiri na farko, Alan Shepard ya zama wani jami'in a cikin Navy. A wannan lokaci, har yanzu shi ya ci gaba da yakin duniya na biyu, don haka ya sanya wa hallakarwa, da kuma aika a cikin tekun Pacific.

A shekarar 1947 ya aka ciyar da su da matukin jirgi da aka sanya wa rundujar soja masu dawaki a filayen-hallaka. A 1950 ya shiga matukin gwajin makaranta. Bayan kammala horo, ya halarci a cikin jirgin gwaje-gwaje, ciki har da gwaje-gwajen da na ci gaban MOTA KE SHAN MAI tsarin a cikin iska. A cikin watanni biyar, nan gaba cosmonaut ya malami domin gwajin matukan jirgi.

Kafin ta zama wani xan sama jannatin, Shepard ya tashi fiye da 8,000 hours, daga abin da 3700 da aka za'ayi a kan wani jet jirgin sama.

Career jannati

A farko American jannati yana daga cikin bakwai 'yan takara wanda aka zaba ta hanyar NASA a 1959. Su aka shirya domin shirin "Mercury". Ya kwarewa da kuma mutuntakar sa shi na farko da wakilan Amurka ya kai sararin samaniya da kuma tashi zuwa da watã.

Da farko jirgin ya yi a shekarar 1961. The tafiya shi takaice, amma saboda haka wajibi ga United States of America. Jirgin kwantena da aka kira "Freedom 7".

Daga baya, 'yan saman jannati shirya matsayin understudy G. Cooper a kan wata manufa "Atlas 9". A shekarar 1963, ya aka kamata ya je "Atlas 10". Flight aka kamata ya yi kwana uku, amma sai aka soke. Bayan haka, mun zabi na farko matukin jirgin sama jannati a kan jirgin "Gemini". Da ciwon fara horo, ya yi mashi wani likita jarrabawa, a sakamakon wanda ya kamu da wani kunne cuta, lalace cikin ayyukan da vestibular na'ura. Saboda Meniere ta cuta ya aka dakatar daga tashi saboda 'yan shekaru.

Domin komawa shirya domin jirgin, Shepard ya yi tiyata a kan kunne kogo. Yana da aka ci nasara, da kuma 'yan saman jannati koma aiki da taƙawa.

Da yake sorokasemiletnim pilot, mafi tsufa a wancan lokacin, NASA jannati Alan sanya masa ɗansa na biyu rayuwa a sarari jirgin. Ya aka nada shugaban "Apollo 14". Ya sanya wani uku nasara Amurka manufa ga watã. Haka ya faru a lokacin daga Janairu 31 ga Fabrairu 9, 1971.

"Mercury-Redstone" Alan Shepard

Bisa ga shirin "Mercury" jirgin na Alan Shepard ya zama na farko nasara kaddamar da wani manned kumbon sama jannati. Ya aka bred m roka "Redstone-3." Kwantena iya hawa zuwa wani tsawo na 186 km da kuma fadi cikin ruwan Amurka Atlantic landfill. Wannan wuri ya juya ga zama a nesa na 486 km daga asalin farawa.

A bambanci ga jirgin Yuriya Gagarina, wanda gudanar da circumnavigate da Earth a cikin kewayar falakinsa, May 5, 1961, Alan Shepard kai sarari kawai bayan jawabin kadan fiye da minti goma sha biyar a jirgin. Ya zama mutum na biyu a duniya wanda ya kai irin wannan duwatsu.

jirgin raga

Babban Amurka haƙiƙa ya zuwa samun ci gaba a wajen nazarin sararin samaniya zuwa wasu kasashen, musamman Tarayyar Soviet. "Mercury" shirin ya shafi aiwatar da wani musamman manufa. Nasara da aka kaddamar da tsarin, "Mercury-Redstone 3", a cikin wanda Shepard ya.

Babban manufar jirgin:

• Shiri kwarewa manned kumbon sama jannati a lokacin jefa, powered jirgin, weightless yanayin, da kuma shigar da yanayi da kuma saukowa.
• Evaluation na matukin damar a kumbon sama jannati iko, murya sadarwa a lokacin jirgin.
• A binciken da na mutum mayar da martani ga sarari jirgin da farko physiological.
• Yiwuwar saukowa wani xan sama jannatin da kumbon sama jannati.

A rayuwa na wani xan sama jannatin aiki bayan samun digiri

A ƙarshen ya Flying aiki, Alan Shepard, wanda biography aka dauke a cikin labarin, tsunduma a zamantakewa. A shekarar 1971, ya zama wakili a babban taron MDD. A lokaci guda, ya samu digiri na uku a kimiyyar yanayin halitta kuma al'adu.

A karshen karni na ashirin, tare da 'yan jarida biyu, sanannen jannati ya buga littafin "Flight ga Moon." A ta bayani nan da nan ya halitta a talabijin jerin.

Shepard ya mutu a kan 21.07.1998 yana da shekaru saba'in da biyar. A sabili da mutuwar da aka yi tsawo rashin lafiya - cutar sankarar bargo. Biyar makonni baya ya mutu, da matarsa Louise. Jikinsu da aka cremated da toka a warwatse a teku.

Ban sha'awa abubuwa game da jannati da kuma jirgin

The aikin, wanda ya samu halartar Alan, aka mai suna "Mercury". Sunan da aka zaba a cikin girmamawa ga Roman mythological halitta, shi ne Manzon da gumãkanku, kuma ya zama majiɓinci na cinikayya. A Washington, aikin sunan soma 12.10.1958 shekara.

Zabi 'yan takara don sarari jirgin da za a kira' yan saman jannati. Sunan zaba ta hanyar misalin da Argonauts a Girkanci mythology wanda ya shiga jirgin ruwa domin "Golden ulun" da kuma aeronaut, watau balloonists.

Kafin jirgin, Alan aka nada m rage cin abinci. Ya shirya wani sirri shugaba. Alal misali, karin kumallo kunshi orange ruwan 'ya'yan itace, semolina, qwai, strawberry jam da kuma kofi tare da sukari. Jerin jita-jita bambanta. Chef shirya daya hidima ga sama jannati, da kuma rana ta biyu kiyaye a cikin firiji a hali na matsalolin ban da narkewa kamar fili.

Wata rana kafin jirgin na kofi daga menu an cire saboda da diuretic da kuma haramta motsa sakamako.

Kafin fara jannati ce wa kaina: "Kada dunƙule shi, Shepard." Kafofin watsa labarai sun kara a bit of shi, ambata maganar Allah. kamar "salla" furta da yawa matuka daga yanzu.

Matukin jirgin ne dake a cikin abin hawa kwantena 5 hours da minti 15, amma da jirgin ne kawai biyu da rabi hours. A dalilan da bata lokaci ba suka fasaha hitches da kuma bayyana m, saboda wanda ba zai samu mai kyau da hotuna na Duniya daga sarari. Jirgin fara a 9 hours da 34 minutes. Shi kallo miliyan 45 masu kallo a Amurka.

A farko yunkurin kai halittu ba ko da yaushe kasance nasara. Samar da duk cikakkun bayanai yana da wuya. Saboda haka, NASA, zabi mafi m 'yan takara na jirgin, ba su yi la'akari da al'ada physiological bukatun. Wancan ne, a cikin kumbon sama jannati bai iya canja kansu. Saboda wannan, Shepard ya yi da shi a wani kwat da wando a lokacin da jirgin.