Gwajin jirgin "Apollo-Soyuz". Manned sarari jirgin tarihi

Space bincike - cewa mafarkin, wanda bautar da tunani na mutane da yawa ga daruruwan shekaru. A waɗannan mai nisa kwanaki a lokacin da mutane zai iya ganin taurari da kuma taurari, dogaro kawai a cikin tunaninsa, yana so ya san abin da kayi m baki rãmi na da duhu sama sama. Dreams ya fara zuwa gaskiya kwanan nan.

Kusan duk manyan sarari iko nan da nan ya fara wani irin "makamai tseren" a nan: masana kimiyya sun yi kokarin samun ci gaba na da abokan aiki kafin su karasa da kuma gwajin daban-daban na'urorin don nazarin sararin samaniya. Duk da haka, da rata shi ne har yanzu: da shirin "Apollo-Soyuz" ya nuna zumuncin da ke tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka, kazalika da su so su yi aiki tare ya sa a kan hanya ga mutãne ga taurãri.

Overview

Rage tsawon sunan shirin - da ASTP. Tashi kuma aka sani a matsayin "musafiha a sarari". A general, da "Apollo-Soyuz" wani m gwaji jirgin "Soyuz-19", kuma Amirka "Apollo". Members na balaguro da shawo kan da yawa matsaloli, mafi muhimmanci daga abin da yake a cikin gaba daya daban-daban zane Tashar sarrafa tashoshin. Amma a kan "ajanda" shi aka docked!

A gaskiya, shi ne quite al'ada na lambobi tsakanin Soviet da kuma American masana kimiyya ya fara ne a lokacin kaddamar da farko wucin gadi da tauraron dan adam. Yarjejeniyar a kan wani na kowa, m bincike na m sarari aka sanya hannu a shekarar 1962. A daidai wannan lokaci, masu bincike sun iya raba sakamakon da shirye-shirye da kuma wasu ra'ayoyi a cikin sarari masana'antu.

A farkon taron na masu bincike

By Tarayyar Soviet da kuma Amurka qaddamar da haɗin gwiwar su ne: shugaba na Academy of Sciences (AN), sanannen MV Keldysh, kazalika darekta na National Aerospace Agency (a duniya da aka sani da NASA) Dr. Payne.

Farko da haɗuwa da wakilan Amurka da kuma Tarayyar Soviet ya faru a marigayi kaka 1970. American manufa jagorancin Darektan Cibiyar gudanar da Johnson Space Flight Dr. R. Gilruth. A cikin Soviet gefen aka karkashin shugabancin Majalisar Nazarin International Space Administration (shirin "Intercosmos") Academician B. N. Petrov. Yana da aka nan da nan a kafa hadin gwiwa aiki kungiyoyin, wanda babban aiki ya zuwa tattauna yiwuwar interoperability majalisai na Soviet da kuma American kumbon sama jannati.

A shekara, tuni a Houston, da aka shirya wani sabon taron, wanda aka kai da aka riga aka sani mana B. N. Petrov kuma R. Gilruth. Teams rufe bukatu ga zane fasali na manned kumbon sama jannati, kazalika da cikakken hadewa da dama al'amurran da suka shafi game da standardization na rai goyon bayan tsarin. Yana nan ya fara tattauna yiwuwar tawagoginsu tare da m Tashar sarrafa sojojin crews.

Kamar yadda ka gani, da shirin "Soyuz-Apollo", wanda shi ne shekara na babban rabo na duniya cosmonautics, nema a review na sararin adadin fasaha da siyasa dokoki da ka'idoji.

Karshe game da yiwuwa na hadin gwiwa manned flights

A shekarar 1972, Tarayyar Soviet da kuma American bangarorin sake aiwatar da wani taro wanda aka jimlace su kuma systematized dukan aikin yi a cikin past lokaci. A karshe yanke shawara game da advisability na hadin gwiwa manned jirgin ya tabbatacce ga shirin da aka zaba riga ya saba jiragen ruwa. Kamar wancan ne aka haife aikin "Apollo-Soyuz".

Fara shirin

Shi ne a cikin May 1972. A tarihi yarjejeniyar da aka kulla tsakanin kasar mu da kuma Amurka, samar da hadin m bincike na m sarari. Bugu da kari, bangarorin sun karshe ya yanke shawarar a kan fasaha gefen batun jirgin "Apollo-Soyuz". Wannan lokaci da tawagar da aka gangarawa ta Soviet gefe ya Academician K. D. Bushuev, Amirkawa wakilta Dr. G. Lunney.

A lokacin taron, sun gano tare da raga, da nasara da abin da za a keɓe wa duk kara aiki:

• kula da tsarin karfinsu gwajin na aiwatar da haduwa jiragen ruwa a sarari.
• Dubawa a Filin "" yanayi na atomatik kuma manual Tashar sarrafa.
• Gwaji da kuma kunna fasahar, tsara don yin wannan sauyin 'yan saman jannati daga jirgin don ship.
• A karshe, jari na invaluable kwarewa a fagen hadin gwiwa manned sarari jirgin. Lokacin da "Soyuz-19" sararin docked tare da "Apollo", masana sun samu lamba na muhimmanci da bayanai, suna amfani da baje ko'ina cikin US Lunar shirin.

Wasu yankunan na aikin

Masana, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, ya so ya gwada yiwuwar fuskantarwa a sarari yake riga docked jiragen ruwa, kazalika da gudanar da kwanciyar hankali gwaji na sadarwa da tsarin a kan daban-daban inji. A karshe, yana da muhimmanci yin interoperability gwaji tsakanin Soviet da kuma American manufa kula da tsarin.

Ga yadda za a ci gaba da babban events a lokacin:

• A karshen May 1975 an gudanar da karshe taron don tattauna wasu ƙungiya al'amurran da suka shafi. da karshe daftarin aiki na cikakken shiri domin jirgin da aka sanya hannu. Yana da aka sanya hannu by: Academician VA Kotelnikov a kan Soviet gefe, da Amirka, na da daftarin aiki amince da J. Lalle .. Launch kwanan wata aka kafa domin Yuli 15, 1975.
• A daidai 15 hours da minti 20 daga cikin Baikonur cosmodrome aka samu nasarar kaddamar Soviet "Soyuz-19".
• "Apollo" za a fara da taimako na m roka "Saturn-1B". Lokaci - 22 hours kuma 50 minutes. Masomin - Cape Canaveral.
• Ta hanyar kwanaki biyu bayan kammala duk shiri aikin, 19 hours kuma 12 minti na "Soyuz-19" docked. A shekarar 1975, shi ya bude wani sabon zamanin nazarin sararin samaniya.
• Daidai biyu jũya daga "Union" ta Duniya ta kewayewa, da sabon Tashar sarrafa "Soyuz-Apollo" da aka za'ayi, bayan da suka tashi a cikin wani wuri biyu mafi jũya. Bayan wani lokaci, da na'urar da aka gaba daya tarwatsa, kammala nazarin shirin.

A general, jirgin lokaci ne kamar haka:

• Soviet "Soyuz 19" da aka gudanar a sarari suKe 5 kwanaki, 22 hours kuma 31 minutes.
• "Apollo" da aka gudanar a jirgin 9 kwanaki, 1 hour da 28 minutes.
• A guda biyu yanayin jiragen ruwa gudanar daidai 46 hours kuma 36 minutes.

crews

Kuma yanzu shi ne lokacin da za a tuna da sunayen ma'aikatan jirgin na Amurka da kuma Tarayyar Soviet jiragen ruwa, wanda ya ci nasara mai yawa matsaloli, sun iya aiwatar da duk matakai na wannan muhimmanci sarari shirin.

American ƙungiya kasance:

• Thomas Stafford. American ƙungiya kwamandan. An gogaggen xan sama jannatin ne da na hu gudu.
• Vens Brand. Ya piloted umurnin module, da farko jirgin.
• Donald Slayton. Shi ya kasance alhakin alhakin Tashar sarrafa aiki, shi ne kuma na farko jirgin.

A tsarin da Soviet ƙungiya hada da wadannan 'yan saman jannati:

• Alexei Leonov ya kwamandan.
• Valery Kubasov ya jirgin m.

Dukansu Soviet cosmonauts riga kasance madawwama biyu sau daya, don haka da cewa jirgin "Soyuz-Apollo" shi ne na biyu a gare su.

Abin da gwaje-gwajen da aka za'ayi a cikin shakka daga hadin gwiwa jirgin?

• An gwaji da aka gudanar, shi ya hada da binciken na kallon masassarar rana: "Apollo" rufe hasken, yayin da a cikin "Union" nazari da kuma bayyana sakamakon tasowa daga wannan.
• UV sha da aka yi karatu a cikin abin da karusai daukar ciki na atomic oxygen da kuma nitrogen a cikin sarari guda na duniya.
• Bugu da kari, akwai lokatan da dama gwaje-gwajen a cikin abin da masu bincike bari yadda weightlessness, babu wani Magnetic filin da kuma sauran sarari yanayi shafi kwarara daga nazarin halittu rhythms.
• Domin kwayoyin m amfani ne da nazarin da shirin canja wuri da kuma Amurka na kwayoyin karkashin weightless yanayi tsakanin biyu motocin (via da Tashar sarrafa manhaja).
• A karshe, jirgin na "Soyuz-Apollo" Ya halatta nazarin matakai abin da ke faruwa a cikin ƙarfe da semiconductor kayan a wannan takamaiman yanayi. Ya kamata a lura da cewa "baba", irin wannan binciken ya zama sananne tsakanin metallurgists K. P. Gurov, wanda samarwa rike wadannan jobs.

Wasu fasaha bayani

Ya kamata a lura da cewa Amurka jirgin matsayin numfashi gas, da tsarki da oxygen, yayin da a cikin gida ne jirgin da yanayi, abun da ke ciki shi ne m ga cewa daga cikin Duniya. Saboda haka, kai tsaye mulki daga abin hawa ya gagara. Musamman don warware wannan matsala musamman mika mulki daki da aka kaddamar a tare da tare da American jirgin.

Ya kamata a lura da cewa Amirkawa daga baya ya yi amfani da wannan aiki lokaci a lokacin da samar da Lunar koyaushe. Lokacin da canza matsa lamba a cikin "Apollo" dan kadan dauke, da kuma a cikin "ƙungiyar", da bambanci, sun saukar yayin da kiwon da oxygen abun ciki na numfashi cakuda zuwa 40%. A sakamakon haka, mutane suna da damar da za su kasance a cikin wani tsaka module (kafin su shiga cikin dan hanya jirgin) ba da awowi takwas, da kuma kawai minti 30.

Af, idan kuna da sha'awar a cikin wannan labarin, ziyarci Museum of Cosmonautics a Moscow. Akwai wannan batu da aka sadaukar domin wata babbar tsayawar.

Janar Tarihi na manned Space Flight

Wannan labarin ba da gangan shãfe a kan tarihin manned sarari jirgin. A gaba dayan shirin da aka bayyana a sama, dã mun kasance m bisa manufa, idan ba pre-gaba a wannan fagen, da kwarewa na wanda aka tara na shekarun da suka gabata. Wa "paved hanya", godiya ga wanda ya yi yiwu manned spaceflight?

Kamar yadda ka sani, Afrilu 12, 1961, da wani taron ya faru da cewa yana da wani gaske duniya muhimmanci. A wannan rana, ya dauki Yuri Gagarin manned jirgin a kan da "Vostok" ne na farko a cikin tarihin duniya.

Na biyu kasar da cewa ya za'ayi irin wannan, sun Amurka. Su sararin "Mercury-Redstone 3", piloted da Alan Shepard, aka kaddamar a cikin sarari suKe wata daya daga bisani, May 5, 1961. A watan Fabrairu, ya kaddamar daga Cape Canaveral riga "Mercury-Atlas 6", dauke da Dzhon Glenn.

A farko records da kuma nasarori

Shekaru biyu bayan Gagarin farko ya tashi a cikin sarari mace. Yana da aka Valentina Tereshkova Vladimirovna. Ta tashi shi kadai a kan jirgin "Vostok-6". The jefa aka sanya Yuni 16, 1963. A Amirka, na farko wakilin mafi kyau jima'i, wanda ya ziyarci madawwama biyu, Salli Rayd zama. Ta kasance mai memba na gauraye ƙungiya, wanda ya tashi a shekarar 1983.

Riga Maris 18, 1965 wani rikodin aka karya: a cikin sarari bar Alexei Leonov. A farko mace, wanda yake a fili, ya zama Svetlana Savitskaya, wanda ya aiwatar da shi a 1984. Note cewa a halin yanzu mata suna kunshe a duk ba tare da togiya daga cikin ISS crews, kamar yadda dukan zama dole bayani a kan Physiology na mace jiki da aka tattara a cikin sarari da 'yan saman jannati domin kiwon lafiya da aka ba barazana.

A mafi tsawo jirgin

Don wannan rana, mafi tsawo guda spaceflight dauke da wani 437-dare tsaya a sarari suKe cosmonaut Valery Polyakov. Ya zauna a kan jirgin da "Aminci" daga Janairu 1994 zuwa Maris 1995. A rikodin ga wani na kowa sa na kwanaki kashe a cikin sarari guda sake, nasa ne da m cosmonaut - Sergei Krikalev.

Idan muka magana game da kungiyar jirgin, game da 364 kwanaki na tashi cosmonauts da 'yan saman jannati daga Satumba 1989 zuwa Agusta 1999. Tun da an tabbatar da cewa wani mutum zai rubuce tsira da tashi zuwa Mars. Yanzu masu bincike ne ya fi damuwa game da matsalar da m karfinsu na ƙungiya.

Bayani kan tarihin sarari jigila jirgin

Don kwanan wata, kawai kasar da cewa yana da wani fiye ko žasa da nasara aiki da kwarewa na reusable sarari jigila jerin "Space Jigila" ne Amurka. A farko jirgin na kumbon sama jannati na wannan jerin, "Columbia" ya faru bayan daidai da shekaru ashirin bayan Gagarin ta jirgin, Afrilu 12, 1981. Tarayyar Soviet na farko da kawai lokaci kaddamar "Buran" a shekara ta 1988. Wannan jirgin ne musamman a cikin gaskiyar da ya faru a cikin wani cikakken atomatik yanayin, ko da yake mai yiwuwa ne, kuma manual piloting.

A nuni, wanda ya nuna dukan labarin "na Soviet sarari jigila", ya nuna Space Museum a Moscow. Muna ba da shawara shi ya ziyarci kamar yadda akwai da yawa ban sha'awa abubuwa!

A mafi kewayewa a tsororuwar nassi ya kai 1374 km aka cimma American ma'aikatan jirgin da "Gemini 11". Yana faru baya a shekarar 1966. Bugu da kari, da "shuttles" sukan yi amfani domin gyara da kuma goyon baya na "Hubble" kawo nesa kusa, a lokacin da suka yi fairly hadaddun manned manufa a tsawon game da kilomita 600. More akai-akai, jirgin na kumbon sama jannati kewayewa ne a tsawon 200-300 kilomita.

Note cewa nan da nan bayan da aiki na "shuttles" ISS kewayewa ne a hankali tashe zuwa tsawo na 400 kilomita. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa shuttles sun iya samar da wani tasiri rawar daji a tsawon kawai kilomita 300, amma tashar kanta duwatsu kasance ba sosai dace saboda da high yawa daga cikin sarari (a sarari nagartacce, ba shakka).

ko flights za'ayi bayan da Duniya ta kewayewa?

Beyond Duniya ta kewayewa tashi kawai Amirkawa a lokacin da ya yi "Apollo" shirin manufofin. Kumbon sama jannati a 1968 orbited da watã. Ka lura da cewa tun Yuli 16, 1969, jama'ar {asar Amirka da za'ayi su Lunar shirin, a lokacin da shi da aka za'ayi "watã saukowa". A marigayi 1972, da shirin da aka phased fitar, wanda ya sa haushi ba kawai American, amma kuma Soviet masana kimiyya suka empathized tare da abokan aiki.

Ka lura da cewa a cikin Tarayyar Soviet akwai mutane da yawa irin wannan shirye-shirye. Duk da kusan cika kammala da yawa daga cikin wadannan "mai kyau" domin su aiwatar da ba a samu.

Sauran "sarari" na kasar

China zama ta uku sarari iko. Yana faru Oktoba 15, 2003, lokacin da jirgin "Shenzhou-5" da aka saki a cikin sararin sarari. A general, Sin sarari shirin Dates baya ga 70s na karshe karni, amma sai duk na shirya flights ba a aikata.

A marigayi 90-ies na matakai a cikin wannan shugabanci da aka yi da Turawa da kuma Japan. Amma su ayyukan bunkasa reusable manned kumbon sama jannati aka tsaya bayan 'yan shekaru na ci gaba, kamar yadda Soviet-Rasha "Soyuz" ya fi sauƙi, mafi aminci kuma mai rahusa, sakamakon tattalin arziki unreasonableness aiki.

Space yawon shakatawa da kuma "masu zaman kansu sarari"

Tun shekarar 1978, a kan jiragen ruwa da tashoshin na Tarayyar Soviet / Russian Federation da Amurka da aka tashi yan saman jannati daga kasashe da dama. Bugu da kari, kwanan samun lokacinta ake kira "sarari yawon shakatawa" a lokacin da na al'ada (m for kudi yiwuwa) mutum zai iya ziyarci ISS. A kwanan nan da farkon na ci gaba da irin wannan shirye-shirye da kuma bayyana kasar Sin.

Amma hakikanin tashin hankali ya sa shirin Ansari X-Prize, wanda aka kaddamar a 1996. By ta sharuddan da ake bukata da cewa, wani kamfani (ba tare da goyon bayan gwamnatin) ya iya tada (biyu) zuwa tsawo na 100 kilomita na jirgin tare da matukan jirgin na uku mutane har zuwa karshen shekara ta 2004. Wannan lambar yabon, ya fiye nagari - 10 da dala miliyan. Fiye da biyu da dozin kamfanoni da ma masu zaman kansu mutanen nan da nan suka fara samar da ayyukan.

Haka abin ya fara wani sabon tarihi na astronautics, a cikin abin da "discoverer" na halittu iya rubuce zama wani mutum.

A farko nasarorin da "privateers"

Tun da na'urorin ci gaba da su ba su da tafi gaske sarari, kudin da ake bukata daruruwan sau karami. A farko zaman jirgin SpaceShipOne da aka kaddamar a farkon lokacin rani 2004. Created kamfanin Riskar Composites.

Wayarwa taron "theories"

Ya kamata a lura cewa mutane da yawa ayyukan (kusan kome da kome a general) tushen ba a kan wasu aukuwa na masu zaman kansu "Nuggets", da kuma aiki a kan V-2 da kuma Soviet "Buran", duk da takardun a kan wanda bayan 90s " ba zato ba tsammani "ba zato ba tsammani ya zama samuwa ga jama'a a kasashen waje. Wasu mabiya tsoro theories gardamar cewa Tarayyar Soviet da za'ayi (unsuccessfully) na farko manned jefa a farkon 1957-1959.

Akwai kuma rahotannin da ba tabbatar da cewa Nazis ci gaba a cikin 40s ayyukan da intercontinental jifa ga American harin. Jita-jita da shi da cewa wasu daga cikin matukan jirgi a kan gwaje-gwaje har yanzu iya isa wani tsawo na 100 kilomita, abin da ya sa su (idan sun kasance) na farko cosmonaut.

"Duniya" zamanin

Har yanzu, tarihin sarari bincike Stores bayanai a kan Soviet-Rasha "Mir" tashar, wanda ya gaske na musamman da abu. Its yi aka cikakke har 26 Afrilu 1996. Sa'an nan da tashar da aka a haɗe a karo na biyar, da na karshe a koyaushe da zai baka damar gudanar da hadaddun nazarin tekuna, tekuna da Duniya ta gandun daji.

A cikin "Mir" orbital ya 14.5 shekaru, wanda shi ne sau da yawa fiye da shirya rayuwa. A duk lokacin kadai kimiyya kayan aiki fiye da 11 ton da aka tsĩrar da shi, masana kimiyya sun gudanar da dubban musamman gwaje-gwajen, wasu daga cikinsu sun qaddara da ci gaban duniya kimiyya domin duk shekarun da suka gabata da suka biyo. Bugu da kari, 'yan saman jannati da kuma' yan saman jannati kwashe daga tashar 75 EVAs, jimlar tsawon ne kwanaki 15.

A tarihin ISS

A yi na kasa da kasa sararin samaniya daga 16 kasashen halarci. The most taimako ga halittarsa kashe Rasha, Turai (Jamus da Faransa), kazalika da Amirka masana. Wannan makaman da aka tsara don shekaru 15 na sabis da yiwuwar sabuntawa.

A farko-dogon lokaci manufa ga ISS da aka kaddamar a karshen watan Oktoba 2000. Its kwamitin mambobi riga ziyarci 42 dogon lokaci manufa. Ya kamata a lura da cewa a cikin 13th balaguro zuwa tashar isa kasar Brazil jannati Marcos Pontes, na farko a duniya. Ya samu nasarar kammala dukkan aikin yi nufi ga shi, sa'an nan ya koma Duniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na da mambobi ne na 12th manufa.

Wannan yadda tarihi da aka sanya spaceflight. Akwai da yawa daga binciken da kuma nasarori, wasu sun ba da ransu domin bil'adama zuwa taba tukuna kasance iya kira da sarari na gidansa. Daya iya kawai fatan cewa mu wayewa za ta ci gaba da gudanar da bincike a wannan yanki, kuma da zarar mun jira da mulkin mallaka na kusa taurari.