Empress Maria Alexandrovna (matar Alexander II): biography, photos

An haifi marigayi Maria Alexandrovna a 1824 a Darmstadt, babban birnin Hesse. An kira jaririn Maximilian Wilhelmina Augusta Sofia Maria.

Asalin

Mahaifinta shi ne Ludwig II na Jamus (1777-1848) - Grand Duke na Hesse da Rhine. Ya zo mulki bayan Yuli Yuli.

Mahaifiyar yarinyar ita ce Wilhelmina na Baden (1788-1836). Ta daga gidan Baden Tseringen. Akwai jita-jita a kotun cewa 'ya'yanta ƙanana, ciki har da Maximilian, an haife shi daga dangantaka da ɗaya daga cikin' yan uwan gida. Ludwig II - marubucin mijin - ya gane ta a matsayin 'yarsa don kauce wa abin kunya. Duk da haka, yarinya da ɗan'uwansa Iskandari ya fara zama dabam daga mahaifinsa da gidansa a Darmstadt. Wannan wurin "tunani" shine Heiligenberg, wanda shine dukiyar mahaifiyar Wilhelmina.

Saduwa da Alexander II

Bukukuwan auren Romanov tare da marigayi na Jamus sun kasance sanannun. Alal misali, wanda ya riga ya zama Maryamu - Alexandra Feodorovna (matar Nicholas I) - 'yar wani sarki Prussian. Haka ne, kuma matar matar sarki ta karshe ta Rasha ta fito daga gidan Hessian. Don haka, a kan wannan batu, shawarar da Alexander II ya yi na auren wani ɗan Jamus daga ɗan ƙaramin ɗalibai ba ya da ban mamaki.

Marigayi Maria Alexandrovna ya sadu da mijinta na gaba a watan Maris na 1839, lokacin da yake dan shekara 14, kuma yana da shekara 18. A wannan lokacin, Alexander, a matsayin magajin gadon sarauta, ya ziyarci Turai na gargajiya na Turai don sanin masaniyar gidaje. Yarinyar Hessian Duke ya hadu a wasan "Vestalka".

Yadda za a daidaita auren

Bayan sanarwa, Alexander ya fara cikin haruffa don ya rinjayi iyayensa ya ba da izinin auren wata mace Jamus. Duk da haka, mahaifiyar tana da alaka da irin wannan haɗin da sarki yake. Ta kunya ta jita-jita game da asalin yarinyar. Emperor Nicholas, a akasin haka, ya yanke shawarar kada a yi amfani da shi daga kafada, amma la'akari da al'amarin a hankali.

Gaskiyar ita ce, ɗansa Iskandari yana da mummunan kwarewa a rayuwarsa. Ya fadi cikin soyayya da Ladies na kotu Olgu Kalinovskuyu. Iyaye sun yi tasiri game da wannan dangantaka don dalilai biyu. Na farko, wannan yarinyar ta kasance mai sauƙi. Abu na biyu, ita ma Katolika ne. Don haka Iskandari tare da ita ya rabu da shi kuma ya aika zuwa Turai, don kawai ya sami wata ƙungiya mai dacewa.

Saboda haka Nikolai ya yanke shawara kada yayi hadarin kuma kada ya karya zuciyarsa. Maimakon haka, ya fara tambayar dalla-dalla game da mai kula da yarinyar Alexander Kavelin da mawaki Vasily Zhukovsky, wanda ya haɗu da magada a kan tafiya. Lokacin da sarki ya karbi takardun shaida, ya bi umarnin a kotu duk da haka an hana shi yada jita-jita game da budurwar Hessian.

Wannan tsari ya kasance ya mika wuya ga marubuci Alexandra Feodorovna. Sai ta yanke shawara ta je Darmstadt kanta don ta fahimci surukarta a gaba. Wannan bai faru ba ne - wannan bai faru a tarihin Rasha ba tukuna.

Bayyanar da kuma bukatu

Mahalarta mai girma Maria Alexandrovna ta nuna kyakkyawan ra'ayi ga mahaifiyarta. Bayan ganawa ta cikakken lokaci, an samu izini don aure.

Mene ne yake sha'awar wasu a wannan yarinyar Jamus? Mafi bayanin cikakken bayyanar da ya kasance a cikin abubuwan tunawa da ita ta hannun marubucin Anna Tyutcheva ('yar mawallafin marubuta). A cewarta, Mai Girma Maria Alexandrovna yana da launi mai laushi, gashi mai ban mamaki da kuma kyan gani mai yawa. Dangane da wannan batu, ƙananan bakinsa suna kallon kaɗan, wanda sau da yawa yana wakiltar murmushi.

Yarinyar tana da zurfin sani a cikin kiɗa da wallafe-wallafen Turai. Harkokin ilmantarwa da kuma bukatunta sun kasance da ra'ayi ga kowa da kowa da ke kewaye da ita, kuma mutane da yawa daga baya suka bar nazarin su na al'ada a cikin abubuwan tunawa. Alal misali, marubucin Alexei K. Tolstoy ya bayyana cewa kwarewar iliminta ba wai kawai ya fito ne a kan bayan sauran mata ba, amma har da sananne yana ta da yawa maza.

Bayyana a kotu da bikin aure

An yi bikin auren da jim kadan bayan duk an kammala tsarin. Amarya ta isa Birnin Petersburg a 1840, kuma mafi girman abin mamaki da kyawawan ƙa'idodin Rasha. A watan Disambar ta dauki Orthodoxy kuma a cikin baftisma aka karbi sunan Maria Alexandrovna. Kashegari akwai wata budurwa tsakaninta da magada ga kursiyin. An yi bikin aure shekara daya daga baya, a 1841. Ta wuce a cikin Ikilisiyar Cathedral, wanda ke cikin fadar Palace na St. Petersburg. Yanzu wannan yana daya daga cikin wuraren da aka gina Hermitage, inda aka gudanar da nune-nunen yau da kullum.

Ya kasance da wuya ga yarinyar ta shiga cikin sabuwar rayuwa saboda rashin sani game da harshe da kuma jin tsoron rashin surukinta da surukarsa. Kamar yadda daga bisani kanta kanta ta furta, kowace rana Maria ta zama kamar a kan allurarru, ta zama kamar "mai ba da taimako", a shirye su yi tafiya a ko'ina ta hanyar umarni ba zato ba, alal misali, zuwa gayyatar da ba zato ba tsammani. High rayuwa a general ya nauyi ga kambi gimbiya kuma daga baya Empress. An haife ta ne da mijinta da yara, da ƙoƙarin aikatawa don taimaka musu, kuma kada su ɓata lokaci a kan ka'idodi.

Harkar da matan aure ya faru a 1856 bayan mutuwar Nicholas I. Yarinya mai shekaru talatin mai suna Maria Alexandrovna ya sami sabon matsayi, wanda ya tsoratar da ita duk lokacin da ta kasance surukin sarki.

Nau'in

Contemporaries sun lura da yawancin kyaututtuka da Maigirma Maria Alexandrovna ke da ita. Wannan kirki, kulawa ga mutane, gaskiya cikin kalmomi da ayyuka. Amma mafi mahimmanci kuma sanannun shine ma'anar wajibi ne ta kasance a kotu kuma ta dauki nauyin a cikin rayuwarsa. Kowane irin aikinta ya dace da matsayi na sarki.

Tana koyaushe ta bin addinin addini kuma ya kasance mai tsoron kirki. Wannan yanayin ya kasance da bambanci sosai a halin da ake dauka cewa yana da sauƙin ganin ta a matsayin mai ba da gaskiya ba kamar yadda yake mai mulki. Alal misali, Ludovig II (Sarkin Bavaria) ya lura cewa wani marubuci mai tsarki Maria Aleksandrovna ya kewaye shi. Wannan hali a yawancin hali bai canza tare da matsayinta ba, tun da yake a cikin jihohi da dama (ko da na al'ada) lokuta ake buƙata ta, duk da irin halin da yake da shi daga abin duniya.

Sadaka

Yawancin dukkanin marubuci Maria Alexandrovna - uwargidan Alexander 2 - an san ta da sadaka mai yawa. A duk faɗin ƙasar da aka kashe ta, asibitoci, wuraren mafaka da kuma wasan motsa jiki sun bude inda aka karbi sunan "Mariinsky". A cikin duka, ta bude asibiti 5, da gidajensu 36, da gidajen abinci 12, da kasashe 5 na sadaka. Haka kuma ba ta ta ~ a wa Jami'ar ta hankali da ilmantarwa ba: makarantun biyu, dakunan wasanni hu] u, da daruruwan kananan makarantu don masu sana'a da ma'aikata, da sauransu, an gina su. Maria Aleksandrovna ta kashe dukiyarta da kuma kanta (an ba ta talanti dubu 50 a kowace shekara Don na sirri na sirri).

Harkokin lafiyar jama'a ya zama aikin musamman na aikin, wanda Mista Maria Aleksandrovna ya shiga. Kungiyar Red Cross ta bayyana a Rasha a kan shirinta. Masu ba da agaji sun taimaka wa sojojin da suka ji rauni a lokacin yakin da aka yi a Bulgaria da Turkey a 1877-1878.

Mutuwa da 'yar da ɗa

Babban masifa ga dangin sarauta shine mutuwar magada ga kursiyin. Marubucin Maria Alexandrovna - matar Alexander 2 - ta ba mijinta 'ya'ya takwas. An haifi dan uwan Nikolai a 1843, shekaru biyu bayan bikin aure, lokacin da kakansa ya kasance sarki.

An lura da yaron ne saboda kyakkyawar tunaninsa da halin kirki, wanda dukan iyalin suka ƙaunace shi. Ya riga ya fara aiki kuma ya ilmantar da shi, a sakamakon wani hatsari, ya ji rauni a baya. Akwai nau'i da dama na abin da ya faru. Ko Nikolai ya fadi daga dokinsa, ko kuma ya buga layin marble a lokacin yakin basira da abokinsa. Da farko dai ba'a iya ganin rauni ba, amma a ƙarshe sai magajin ya kara girma kuma ya ji rauni. Bugu da ƙari, likitoci sun bi shi ba daidai ba - suna ba da magani don maganin rheumatism wanda bai kawo kyau ba, saboda ainihin dalilin rashin lafiya bai bayyana ba. Ba da daɗewa ba Nikolai aka ɗaure shi a wani abin sha. Wannan ya zama mummunar damuwa, wanda Tsohon Maria Alexandrovna ya sha wahala. Ciwon yaron ya biyo bayan mutuwar 'yar Alexandra ta farko, wanda ya mutu daga meningitis. Mahaifiyata ta kasance tare da Nicholas, ko da a lokacin da aka yanke shawarar aika shi zuwa Nice domin maganin tarin fuka na kashin baya, inda ya mutu lokacin da yake da shekaru 22.

Cooling dangantakar da mijinta

Duka Alexander da Maria a hanyar su suna da wuyar samun tsira daga wannan asarar. Sarki ya zargi kansa saboda ya sa dansa ya yi horo a jiki, wani ɓangare saboda abin da wani hatsari ya faru. Duk da haka dai, amma bala'in ya bambanta ma'aurata daga juna.

Matsalar ita ce, duk haɗin haɗin gwiwa da suka hada da wannan al'ada. Da safe sai sumbaci na yau da kullum da kuma tattaunawa na al'ada game da al'amuran da suka dace. A lokacin rana, ma'aurata sun sadu da wata matsala. Mahaifin ya ci gaba da maraice tare da yara, kuma mijinta ya ɓace a cikin harkokin gwamnati. Ya ƙaunaci dangi, amma lokacinsa bai isa ga dangi ba, wanda Maria Alexandrovna ba zai iya lura ba. Mahalarta yayi ƙoƙarin taimaka wa Alexander cikin al'amuran, musamman ma a farkon shekarun.

Sa'an nan (a farkon mulkin) tsar yayi farin ciki ya shawarci matarsa game da yanke shawara da yawa. Tana ta dace da sabbin ministocin ministoci. Yawancin lokaci, hikimarta ta shafi tsarin ilimi. Wannan shi ne ya fi mayar da hankali ga ayyukan jin daɗin da mai girma Maria Alexandrovna ya yi. Kuma ci gaba da ilimi a cikin wadannan shekarun sun sami matukar muhimmanci a gaba. An buɗe makarantu, 'yan kasar sun sami damar shiga su, wanda, daga cikin wadansu abubuwa, aka kubutar da su daga karkashin jagorancin Alexander.

Ma'aikatar ta kanta tana da wannan ra'ayi mafi kyau, wanda ta raba, misali, tare da Kavelin, yana gaya masa cewa tana goyon bayan mijinta da sha'awar ba da 'yanci ga mafi yawan rukunin Rasha.

Duk da haka, tare da zuwan Manifesto (1861), Mai Girma ya ci gaba da damu da batun saboda wasu sanyewar dangantaka da mijinta. Wannan shi ne saboda hali mara kyau na Romanov. Sarki ya kara yawanci sau da yawa a cikin fadar cewa yana sau da baya a ra'ayi na matar, wato, yana ƙarƙashin sheƙonta. Wannan wulakantaccen 'yanci Alexander. Bugu da ƙari, ma'anar autocrat ya ba shi ikon yanke shawara kawai ta wurin nufinsa, ba tare da shawara daga kowa ba. Wannan ya damu da irin ikon da aka yi a Rasha, wanda aka gaskata, an ba shi daga Allah ga wanda aka zaɓa. Amma hakikanin rata tsakanin mazajen auren ya zuwa yanzu.

Ekaterina Dolgorukova

A shekara ta 1859 Alexander II ya jagoranci tarzoma a kudancin daular (ƙasar Ukraine a yau) - An yi bikin cika shekaru 150 na yakin Poltava. Sarkin sarakuna ya tsaya a wani ziyara a gidan mallakar gidan Dolgorukovs sanannen. Wannan iyali ita ce reshe daga shugabannin Rurik. Wato, wakilansa sun kasance dangin dangin Romanovs. Amma a tsakiyar karni na XIX, iyalin suna cikin bashi kamar silk, kuma kawunansu, Prince Michael, yana da kaya ɗaya - Teplovka.

Sarkin sarakuna ya zo, kuma ya taimaka Dolgoruky, musamman, ya ba da 'ya'ya maza ga Guard, da kuma' ya'ya mata aika zuwa Smolny Institute, alkawarin bayar da halin kaka na sarauta jaka. Daga nan sai ya sadu da Ekaterina Mikhailovna mai shekaru goma sha uku. Yarinyar ta mamaye shi da sha'awarta da kuma son rayuwa.

A shekara ta 1865, autocrat ya ziyarci makarantar 'yan mata masu daraja ta Smolny. Bayan haka sai ya sake ganin Catherine, wanda ya kai shekaru 18. Yarinyar kyakkyawa ce.

Sarki, wanda ke da fushi, ya fara aikawa da kyauta ta hannun mataimakansa. Har ma ya tafi ziyarci makarantar incognito, amma an yanke shawarar cewa ya yi yawa, kuma an kori yarinyar a kan dalilin rashin lafiya. Yanzu ta zauna a Petersburg kuma ta ga sarki a cikin Summer Garden. Har ma ta zama wata budurwa mai daraja a fadar Winter Palace, wadda ita ce Majalisa Maria Alexandrovna. Matar Alexander II ta damu sosai game da jita-jita da ke kewaye da yarinya. A ƙarshe, Catherine ya tafi Italiya, don haka kada ya haifar da abin kunya.

Amma Alexander yana da tsanani. Har ma ya yi alkawalin da ya fi so cewa zai aure ta da wuri-wuri. A lokacin rani na 1867, ya isa Paris a gayyatar Napoleon III. Dolgorukov ya tafi Italiya daga can.

A ƙarshe, sarki ya yi ƙoƙari ya bayyana kansa ga iyalinsa, yana so ya fara jin labarin Maria Alexandrovna. Mashawarta, uwargidan Alexander II da kuma farfadowa na fadar sararin samaniya, sun yi ƙoƙari su tsayar da mugunta kuma basu yarda da rikici ya wuce gidan. Duk da haka, babban ɗansa da magajinsa zuwa kursiyin ya tayar. Ba abin mamaki bane. A nan gaba Alexander III ya sãɓã, m fushi ko a sosai matasa, shekaru. Ya yi wa mahaifinsa ba'a, kuma shi ma, ya yi fushi.

A sakamakon haka, Katherine ta koma gidan sarauta kuma ta haifi 'ya'ya hudu daga tsar, wanda daga bisani ya sami sunayen sarauta kuma an halatta. Wannan ya faru bayan mutuwar marigayin marigayi Alexander. Jana'izar marigayi Maria Alexandrovna ya sa Tsar ya yi aure tare da Catherine. Ta karbi lakabi na kyauta mafi kyau kuma sunan Yurievskaya (kamar 'ya'yanta). Duk da haka, sarki bai yi farin ciki na dogon lokaci a cikin wannan aure ba.

Cututtuka da mutuwa

An raunana kiwon lafiya na Maria Alexandrovna saboda dalilai da yawa. Wannan shi ne haihuwar haihuwa, cin amana da mijinta, mutuwar ɗanta, da kuma yanayin dampen St. Petersburg, wanda Jamusanci ba a shirye a farkon shekaru ba. Saboda haka, ta fara amfani da ita, har ma da rashin jin tsoro. Bisa ga shawarar likita mai zaman kansa, mace ta tafi duk lokacin rani kudu zuwa Crimea, wanda yanayin ya kamata ya taimaka mata ta magance cutar. Bayan lokaci, matar ta kusan ritaya. Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na ƙarshe a cikin rayuwar jama'a sun ziyarci majalisa a lokacin da suke fuskantar rikicin Turkey a 1878.

A cikin shekarun nan, Alexander II ya yi ta kai hare-haren 'yan juyin juya hali da boma-bamai. Da zarar fashewa ya faru a cikin ɗakin cin abinci na fadar sararin samaniya, amma Mai Tsarkin ya yi rashin lafiya kuma ba ta san shi ba, yana kwance a ɗakunanta. Kuma mijinta ya tsira ne kawai saboda ya zauna a ofishinsa, akasin al'ada na cin abinci a lokacin da aka saita. An ci gaba da jin tsoro ga rayuwar mai ƙaunataccen marigayi wanda ke da lafiya, wadda Maria Alexandrovna ke mallakar. Mahalarta, wanda hotunansa a wannan lokacin yana nuna wani canji mai sauƙi a bayyanarta, ya kasance mai laushi kuma ya dubi inuwa fiye da mutumin a jikin.

A cikin spring of 1880 ta ƙarshe ya barci, yayin da mijinta ya koma Tsarskoe Selo tare da Dolgorukova. Ya yi ziyara ga matarsa, amma bai iya yin kome ba don inganta lafiyarta. Tarin fuka shine dalilin da yasa marubuci Maria Aleksandrovna ya mutu. Tarihin wannan mace ta ce an yanke rayuwarta a wannan shekara, ranar 3 ga Yuni, bisa ga sabon salon.

An samo mafakar karshe na matar auren Alexander II ta hanyar dabarar da ke cikin Bitrus da Paul Cathedral. Jana'izar marigayi Maria Alexandrovna ya zama babban abin baƙin ciki ga dukan ƙasar, wanda ya ƙaunace shi sosai.

Alexander ya rabu da ɗan farin matarsa. A 1881, ya mutu bayan ya ji rauni a wani harin bam da aka jefa a hannunsa daga wani 'yan ta'adda. An binne Sarkin sarakuna kusa da Maria Alexandrovna.