Yanayi ma'aikata: definition. Baƙauye yanayi ma'aikata - wannan shi ne ...

Kalmar "yanayi ma'aikata" ya bayyana dogon kafin wannan taro sabon abu ya zama na kowa a cikin sararin Rasha Empire. Wucin gadi, sau da yawa yanayi aikin bayar da manoma a rare damar inganta da kudi halin da ake ciki da kuma cimma mafi wa kansu da iyalansu.

Yanayi ma'aikata. definition

Idan aka kwatanta da talakawa manoma, wanda ya rayu tare da su ƙasar, barancen kira wasu mutane a craft aiki da kuma sayar da su aiki ikon a gefe. Wannan ne mai raba zamantakewa sashen dutsen, wanda ya tashi a tsakiyar XVII karni, hanzari kara yawan mambobinta, kuma na farko da rabi daga cikin XIX karni, wannan sabon abu ya zama mai tartsatsi ne. Baƙauye yanayi ma'aikata - mutanen da suka bar kauyuka da kuma garuruwa da ƙauyukan, da kuma aika zuwa ga birnin, inda kawai suka fara samar da masana'antu da kuma samu damar na albashi a daban-daban sassa na tattalin arziki.

Wane ne yanayi ma'aikata?

A farko yanayi ma'aikata - shi ne manoma da suka tafi a kan yanayi aikin a wasu wurare. Unknown sana'a ya zo birnin, tare da unpretentious kayan aiki, kuma Ya halitta a cikin zamanin da birane na babban Masterpieces na dutse, da itace gine.

Fadada iyakoki na Rasha jihar bukata m karfafa cordons da kuma gina sabon garuruwa masu garu da kuma wuraren. Irin wannan aiki da ake buƙata m inflow na aiki da karfi, wanda zai iya ba kawai yanayi ma'aikata-manoma. Wannan sabon abu ne musamman suna bayyana a gina sabon birane a arewa maso yammacin kasar, ciki har da sabon sarki babban birnin kasar - St. Petersburg.

Yanayi ma'aikata a XVII-XVIII karni

Legal alamomin Fitowa na manoma, daga wurin zama ya umurnin 1718, wanda ya maye gurbin da homestead haraji samun kudin shiga da haraji (zabe haraji). Dauke duk haraji-biya maza. Halitta levies aka maye gurbinsu da kudi alkawura, da kuma taimakawa wajen fitar da wani adadin ya wuya a ƙasarsa ta kauye. Damar kwarmato a gida shuke-shuke da masana'antu kusan ba ya nan - da masana'antu da aka kawai fara}, da kuma babban impetus zuwa ci gaban tattalin arziki ba da inflow na waje babban birnin kasar. Kayan aiki ga Rasha masana'antu da aka mafi yawa shigo, manyan hanyoyi hidima a cikin teku, Kogin Nilu, hanya-gwada ciniki, don haka manyan kamfanonin tashi da farko kawai a manyan birane.

yanayi ma'aikata da yanayi aiki da aka kayyade ta ciki takardun - bogi. Yawanci, irin wannan fasfo da aka bai wa manomi ga shekara, amma akwai wasu takardun shaida wanda tushe lokacin da aka fi guntu. Yawancin lokaci a farkon spring yanayi ma'aikata bar birnin. Dole na yi tafiya dubban kilomita, sau da yawa duk hanyar da barancen ya faru a kan kafar. A kan hanyar zuwa wadannan manoma sau da yawa da ga yarda. A garin baƙauye barancen hayar ma'aikaci a wani zaman gidan, to kamfanin ko yin m jobs for a dunƙule Naira Miliyan Xari biyan bashin.

Fage yanayi aiki a cikin XIX karni

A cikin rabi na biyu na karni XIX shi da aka kwashe baƙauye gyara, a karkashin abin da manoman sami sirri yanci. Amma, ƙasar da suka yi aiki, har yanzu ya da hurumin gidan haya. Karuwan da rabo daga landless manoma da suke iya ciyar da kansu ko iyalansu. A daya hannun, da girma da jari hujja dangantakar ba impetus ga ci gaban masana'antu, wanda ya al'ada aka mayar da hankali a cikin manyan biranen kasar Rasha. Saboda haka, kawai yiwuwar samun birnin zauna.

Ƙoƙarin rage yanayi aiki

By tsakiyar XIX karni yanayi ma'aikata kira mai girma yawan manoma da suka zaɓi birane salon. A wasu larduna, da yawan mutane fifita yanayi aiki, kai da kwata na balagaggun maza yawan jama'a. Rage yawan manoman aiki cikin ƙasa, tilasta gwamnatin yarda da gazawa. Domin samun wani ciki daftarin aiki authorizing da motsi a kasar, da baƙauye ya zama a yankunan karkara al'umma, na da hakkin ya janye daga ƙasar biya kashe mai masauki biyan sadãkõkinsu. Amma kula da matakan kawo kawai m sakamakon. Alal misali, bayan da majalisu sababbin abubuwa a cikin 1901 Lyubimsky District Yaroslavl lardin 12715 mutane yanayi ma'aikata kawai 849 manoma ya koma zuwa ga kauyen.

Stratification al'umma a yanayi barancen

A farfadowar tattalin arzikin na Rasha jihar a karo na biyu da rabi daga cikin XIX karni fara aiwatar da dukiya stratification dukkan zamantakewa strata. A arziki yanayi ma'aikata - wannan ne dukiya masu, hotels da kuma gidajen cin abinci da shaguna da kuma warehouses. Wadannan wakilan da babban kasuwanci bourgeoisie zauna game da 5% na jimlar yawan yanayi ma'aikata.

Kuma kashi 70% sun mambobi na sabuwar birane tsakiyar aji aiki a masana'antu, a masana'antu, yi da kuma sauran sassa na tattalin arziki. A karshe, game da kwata na jimlar yawan wannan category na yawan mutane da ma'aikata tare da allotments. Irin wannan manoma a hade yanayi aiki tare da aiki da ƙasarsu.

sabon rai

News na yiwu albashi kawo wa kauyen yanayi ma'aikata. Wannan taron yana da muhimmanci a cikin rayuwar na kauye. Komowa zuwa ƙasarsa ta kauye daga m birane, yanayi ma'aikata, manoma, da kuma canza rayuwarsu, da kuma rayuwar iyalinsa. yankunan karkara hanyar rayuwar canza, gidansa ya kasance mafi zamani na'urar. Tasirin birnin karya sabõda tushe na kauye. Ba kamar sauran manoman yanayi ma'aikata - shi ne kusan teetotal da master sana'a, da kyau rike da fasaha. A gidansa yanayi ma'aikata kawo daga manyan birane ban mamaki yau da kullum abubuwa da kuma ko da alatu - kananzir fitilu, samovars, furniture, gaye tufafi, gramophones. Duka wannan yana hade da kananan manoma tare da m birnin rayuwa. Ga 'yan mata na manta kauyuka , shi ne wani enviable jam'iyyar. Haxe da ransa tare da mijinta, da adalci jima'i iya fatan for shirya rayuwa da kuma babban matsayi a al'umma.