Tsãwa makera - wani gini ga smelting baƙin ƙarfe

Domin samar da alade baƙin ƙarfe a cikin metallurgical masana'antu yana amfani da zamani da tsãwa gagarumar wuta. Wannan tanda, mine irin, wanda ba fasali mai rikitarwa, wanda, duk da haka, dubi ban sha'awa. Don kawo samar da alade baƙin ƙarfe zuwa kammala, mutãne ya na da tara ƙarni na kwarewa.

Sunny bayyana abin da mai tsãwa makera, Tsohon Slavonic tushen da sunan da. "Dmit" - yana nufin a busa.

Magabatan da tsãwa Tanderu - shtukofeny

A tsakiyar zamanai mutane da aka bukatar daban-daban karafa. Makamai da kuma kayan aikin da aka sanya na karfe, m da karfi, kuma da saba baƙin ƙarfe tafi a kan iyali kayayyakinsa. Syrodutnyh makera amfani don samar da ake so karfe tare da wani sosai tsawon lokaci, ga dubban shekaru, suna iya da kyau saduwa da bukatun har sai tsautsayi hannun jari fusible ores. Heat cimma ta kara tsawo (haka Littafi dirka), da iska pumped da hannu bellows. Duk da haka, a kan lokaci da Turawa suka gusa zuwa low quality-raw kayan da cewa aiki a matsayin wata kara kuzari don ci gaba. Karfe Shtukofeny da sabuwar dabara, bayan da farko tsãwa makera ya bayyana. Yana da aka rufaffiyar irin gagarumar wuta aiki a wani musamman sake zagayowar. Yana bukata kaya tama, kwal, sa'an nan aka kona tare da matsa lamba jet (manual kokarin rasa haka mori kore ta ruwa ƙafafun), bayan abin da ya zama dole to jira sanyaya kuma mai da karfe, raba shi daga sikelin da kuma sauran m byproducts kira Bloom. Babban amfani shtukofenov kunshi a mafi zafi taro saboda da rufaffiyar girma a cikin aiki zagayowar, saboda da rage ta yayyo da yanayi.

Jefa baƙin ƙarfe wayewa

Babban matsalar da na da metallurgists a cikin goma sha uku karni da aka bijirewarsu baƙin ƙarfe. Lokacin da shtukofene samu baƙin ƙarfe (Ina nufin, da baƙin ƙarfe-carbon gami da carbon taro na 1.7% da kuma a sama), mu yi mamakin ta low narkewa batu, amma shi bai zo a cikin ni'ima. A sakamakon karfe ya fi sauƙi ga samu fiye da karfe da kuma musamman iron, amma da inji halaye cikin sharuddan da sai matalauta mabukaci ma m da kuma ba da karfi isa. Duk da haka, a kawai da karni biyu, da hali ya canja zuwa Cast baƙin ƙarfe. Da farko, cire shi daga tanda tabbatar da uncomplicated, zai iya zama da sauki zuba a melted form. Na biyu, wani karfe da ya samu duk da haka yin amfani, da kuma sosai bambancin. Kuma uku, shi ne mai albarkatun kasa domin kara tsarkakewa daga cikin matsanancin carbon kuma samu daga gare karfe ya sauƙin fiye daga tama. Saboda haka, bayan ƙarni na experimentation, an samu mafi m metallurgical fasaha, da kuma kirkiro da wata tsãwa gagarumar wuta. A makera a Westphalian birnin Siegerland (biyu da rabi na XV karni) zai iya aiki tare da ci gaba da sake zagayowar shekaru da dama, samar da kullum a kan wani rabin ton na alade baƙin ƙarfe. Sa'an nan kuma ya kasance mai yawa.

A tsarin da mai tsãwa makera

Kawai bayan ziyarar gaba da wannan giant tanda, za ka iya ganin yadda babban zamani tsãwa gagarumar wuta. Photos ba wani tunani na ta cyclopean size kawai a lokacin da suka dace da wani mutum, ga alama kamar yadda kananan as zarra. Duk da haka, duk da ban sha'awa bayyanar, da aiki da ka'ida kasance iri guda, da na da. A zane kunshi biyar babban raka'a. A saman wadannan, da makogwaro, domin loading albarkatun kasa da kuma ta uniform rarraba a cikin gagarumar wuta. Kasa shi ne wani ɓangare na conical siffar, a cikin abin da dumama da kuma rage tsari (da aka bayyana daga baya). The uku aka kira saman naúrar tururi, akwai wani baƙin ƙarfe narkewa. Sa'an nan wani ya Tapered rabo, wannan lokaci downward tapering, - kafadu, wanda aka saki daga coke carbon monoxide (a rage gas). Kuma a sosai kasa - Kakakin daga wanda cire ƙãre samfurin da kuma samar da sharar gida.

aiwatar Chemistry

Chemical tafiyar matakai an oxidising da rage. Da farko tana nufin tare da oxygen, da na biyu, a kan akasin wannan, da kin amincewa. Ore - wannan oxide, kuma domin ya sami baƙin ƙarfe na bukatar a reagent iya "zaɓi" da karin kwayoyin halitta. Muhimmiyar rawa a cikin wannan tsari ne mai coke, yayin da konewa fitarda wani babban adadin zafi da carbon dioxide, wanda a high yanayin zafi decomposes cikin monoxide chemically aiki da kuma m abu. SB o ƙarin tabbatar da zama sake-dioxide, da kuma ganawa da tama kwayoyin (Fe ₂ Ya _3), "daukan" da duk oxygen, da barin kawai baƙin ƙarfe. Akwai, ba shakka, da kuma sauran abubuwa a cikin raw kayan, sharar gida, sharan cewa nunawa, kira slag. Wannan shi ne yadda tsãwa gagarumar wuta. Wannan, cikin sharuddan sunadarai, quite sauki akan rage dauki, bi da wani zafi amfani.

Mene ne ta, wani zamani tsãwa makera?

Tsãwa makera rayuwa lokaci ne in mun gwada kananan domin irin Tsarin sikelin - kamar shekaru goma. A wannan lokaci da tsarin ne hõre high lodi, nauyi da thermal dumama, an nan ake bukata babban birnin gyara ko rushe. Pig baƙin ƙarfe samar da ba za a dauke m, shi ake dangantawa da watsi a cikin yanayi na phosphorus, sulfur da kuma sauran abubuwa ne ba da amfani sosai. Dauka tare, wadannan dalilai karfafa kasashen da dama don dakile metallurgical samarwa ko hažaka da shi (musamman idan masana'antu ne mai asali da kuma kasafin kudin-kafa). Modern tsãwa makera - shi ne quite sauki a cikin manufa tsarin, wanda, duk da haka, na bukatar mai rikitarwa iko kewaye da mahara iko madaukai cewa tabbatar da mafi ingantaccen amfani da albarkatun kasa da makamashi.