Pig baƙin ƙarfe samar - tushen da karfe masana'antu

Akwai wani lokaci na tarihin 'yan adam da ake kira Iron Age. A waɗannan kwanaki, ya maye gurbin da dutse don ya zo kama kayayyakin sanya daga baƙin ƙarfe. Ko da yake wannan karfe a kananan yawa, kuma suka narke yawa a baya. Wannan ya yafi baƙin ƙarfe cirewa daga meteorites. Alal misali, Iraki da kuma Siriya Monuments baƙin ƙarfe abubuwa da aka samu. A "ranar haihuwa" na wadannan Monuments - 27th karni BC. Amma hakikanin fasaha juyin juya halin da ya faru a lokacin da mutanen koya wa smelt baƙin ƙarfe daga tama. A farko shi koya yi a yammacin Asiya, to, wannan fasahar zo zuwa Girka, Italiya da kuma hankali bazu ko'ina Turai. Wannan tsari inganta a kan ƙarni, kuma sannu a hankali da samar da baƙin ƙarfe, da karfe ya zama dalilin da wasu sassa na tattalin arziki.

A babban tsari a cikin foundry masana'antu ne tsãwa makera tsari. Kuma yana daukan wuri a wani harin bom gagarumar wuta. Modern tsãwa makera - shi ne mai iko da kuma high-yi naúra da kuma can wata babbar lamba na tsari da kuma fashewar zo alade baƙin ƙarfe. Metallurgical cajin ne cakuda raw kayan, wanda aka yi wa lodi cikin ɓuyar domin kara narkewa. Wannan tama ne a hade tare da man fetur. A man fetur ba tare da wanda yankin baƙin ƙarfe samar zama ba zai yiwu ba, yawanci a coke wanda aka maye gurbinsu da wani lokacin pulverized ci ko iskar gas. A coke - wannan ci, wanda aka calcined ba tare da iska damar. Yana yana da babban konewa zafin jiki da kuma mai kyau makãmashin tsãwa tsari.

Tsãwa makera an tsara don haka da cewa samar da baƙin ƙarfe, a da shi ne a ci gaba da aiwatar. Da baƙin ƙarfe oxide da carbon ana ci gaba da motsi tare da shaft makera daga sama zuwa ƙasa, da kuma shi motsa zuwa ga iska. A carbon dauke a cikin coke, wanda ke taka wani dual rawa a cikin wannan tsari. A konewa shi heats kanta tanda, to da ake so zafin jiki da kuma a lokaci guda Forms gas CO. Kuma via wannan gas da baƙin ƙarfe oxide da aka tuba zuwa karfe. A sakamakon wannan dauki da aka samu carbon dioxide, wanda aka gano a saman da makera da kuma cikin narkakkar azurfa, wanda aka samar a cikin kasa daga gare ta. Kuma wannan tsari ne tsaya kawai a lokacin da ake bukata don yin gyara da tsãwa gagarumar wuta. Yawanci, a lokacin da irin gyare-gyare canza ciki da brickwork (shafi), wanda fades kan lokaci.

A kai da baƙin ƙarfe samar a cikin irin wannan gagarumar wuta za a iya bayyana ta sauki lissafai. The iska da cewa a cikin ƙaho cikin ɓuyar a lamba tare da coke da kuma "dakarun" shi don a ƙona. Last kona, ya haifar da carbon monoxide, wanda yake a cikin gaseous jihar. Wannan gas taka wata muhimmiyar rawa a cikin akan rage baƙin ƙarfe oxide. A dawo da wannan ya auku a lokacin da cakuda tama da coke zazzabi kai 600-700 digiri. Wannan results a cikin wani m, amma porous da spongy baƙin ƙarfe. Sa'an nan kuma ya motsa zuwa ƙananan, tsananin zafi ɓangare na makera (hearth) a cikinsa sai ya narke, kuma an sallame su daga asibiti a waje.

Amma wadannan lissafai za a iya amfani ne kawai ga wani manufa tsarin. Ina nufin baƙin ƙarfe oxide ya zama mai tsabta, kuma free of impurities, wannan yana zartuwa ga carbon. Kuma iska hurawa za kunshi daya oxygen. Sa'an nan baƙin ƙarfe samar da ke smoothly da kuma bisa ga makirci aka bayyana a sama. Amma a zahiri ya ƙunshi mai yawa tama (50%) na sharar gida dutse, wanda ya kunshi yafi na silicates. Kuma iska, kamar yadda kowa ya sani, ya kunshi gaske na nitrogen, wanda kawai ya wuce ta tanda, ba maida martani. Amma babban matsalar ta'allaka daidai a silicates. Kuma sabõda haka sũ, a rabu da baƙin ƙarfe, da janye daga matoya, wadannan silicates ya kamata a kawo wani ruwa jihar. A narke silicates kawai bayan hulda da lemun tsami Cao. Kuma da wannan manufa a cikin wutar, tare da tama da aka caje wani adadin na farar ƙasa (juyi). Its babba part aka shirya a fashewar makera, da kuma bayan shi ne tuba zuwa cikin Game dauki lemun tsami. Kuma silicate impurities tama da martani tare da wannan lemun tsami narke zuwa wani ruwa jihar da kuma dakatar daga wani harin bom makera slag. Kuma slag cewa shi ne dan kadan kasa da cewa na baƙin ƙarfe.

Bayan solidification na slag ne tuba a cikin wani idon yayi kamar gilashi abu na duhu launi. Kuma a cikin 'yan baya kusa metallurgical Sin za su iya ganin tara daga cikin kayan. Amma yanzu da samar da alade baƙin ƙarfe ya zama irin mai sharar gida-free saboda slag zamanin yau yadu amfani. Ana amfani da a matsayin filler domin kankare da yadda dogo ballast. Daga shi nuna slag ulu, kuma da shi ne anti-skid shafi hanyoyi. A alade baƙin ƙarfe samu daga wani harin bom makera ne riga-akai don samar da karfe, da kuma kafuwar duk ferrous karafa.