Carbon dioxide

Carbon monoxide, wani kwayoyin wanda kunshi guda zarra da biyu C kwayoyin halitta, Ya (Ina nufin mataki na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na carbon wanda karkacewa 4) aka kira wani carbon dioxide (sauran sunayen: carbon dioxide, wani anhydride na carbonic acid, carbon dioxide). Wannan abu ne yawanci rubuta CO2 kwayoyin dabara. Matauni taro shi ne 44,01 g / mol. A bayyanar karkashin al'ada yanayi na carbon dioxide ne a colorless iskar gas. A low yawa ba shi da wani wari, zama kaifi, m wari a mafi girma yawa.

uku yiwu tara jihohin da aka halin da daban-daban dabi'u na da yawa daga cikin sinadaran:

• m (bushe kankara). a 1 ATM. da zazzabi na -78,5 ° C - 1562 kg / m³.
• ruwa (carbon dioxide). a matsa lamba na 56 ATM. da zazzabi na +20 ° C - 770 kg / m³.
• gaseous. a 1 ATM. da kuma zazzabi of 0 ° C - 1.977 kg / m³.

carbon dioxide narkewa zafin jiki ya -78 ° C, kipeniya- zafin jiki na -57 ° C. The abu ne narkewa a cikin ruwa: a 25 ° C da kuma matsa lamba na 100 kPa solubility daidai 1,45 g / l.

Carbon dioxide ne na halitta sinadaran fili a cikin kwayoyin na oxygen atoms zuwa carbon atoms nasaba da wani covalent bond. Jigidar halittar da carbon dioxide ne mikakke kuma centrosymmetric. Duka alaka tsakanin carbon da biyu oxygen kwayoyin halitta ne m (a gaskiya, suna binary). A kwayoyin ne tsakaitã zumunta a cikin hedkwatarsu da, don haka ba shi da wani lantarki dipole lokacin.

Carbon dioxide ne daya daga cikin na farko gaseous sinadaran mahadi, wanda ya daina iya gano tare da iska. A cikin goma sha bakwai karni, da Flemish sunadarai Jan Baptist van Helmont lura cewa a lokacin da ya kone gawayi a cikin rufaffiyar jirgin ruwa, da taro na sakamakon ash ne sosai kasa da wata al'ada gawayi. A Properties na carbon dioxide da aka yi bincike sosai a cikin 1750 da Scottish likita Joseph Black.

Carbon dioxide a misali matsa lamba da kuma yawan zafin jiki ne a cikin yanayin duniya a cikin wani adadin game da 0,04% da kundinta. Karkashin carbon sake zagayowar da aka sani da photosynthesis, carbon dioxide da ake tunawa da shuke-shuke, algae, cyanobacteria. A sakamakon haka, ruwa da aka kafa da kuma carbohydrates, amma wannan tsari faruwa kawai ƙarƙashin rinjayar haske. Carbon dioxide da aka kuma samar a lokacin konewa na ci ko hydrocarbons, a cikin fermentation ruwa da kuma iska a lokacin exhalation mutane da dabbobi. Bugu da kari, fita daga, volcanoes, maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi, geysers.

The Earth ta yanayi na carbon dioxide taka muhimmiyar rawa (garwaya da kuma fitarda radiation a thermal infrared range). Har ila yau, wannan sinadaran fili shi ne daya daga cikin manyan kafofin ragewan PH daga cikin teku: rushe a ruwa, shi Forms wani rauni carbonic acid: CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3, m na gaba daya dissociate cikin ions.

Carbon dioxide ba ya goyon bayan konewa da kuma numfasawa. Lit mika wutar a yanayi sõmammu. Dabbobi, da kuma mutane a high CO2 taro shaƙa. A 3% maida hankali a iska numfashi zama mafi m at 10% asarar sani ya auku, da kuma m mutuwa, da kuma 20% ciki Yanã instantaneous inna.

Carbon dioxide ne anhydride na carbonic acid, don haka shi ne halin da kaddarorin da acidic oxide. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, an yi tattalinta ta maida martani alli da hydrochloric acid a cikin na'ura Kipp: CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O. A masana'antu, an samar da thermal bazuwar daga farar ƙasa ko alli (kasa magnesite ko dolomite): CaCO3 → Cao + CO2. Shiri aiwatar carbon dioxide ne byproduct na low zazzabi rabuwa da iska zuwa cikin nitrogen da oxygen. A zamaninmu, muna samar da musamman janareto, don samar da carbon dioxide daga cikin iska. Irin wannan janareto ake amfani da su samar da CO2 a cikin greenhouse domin ya haifar da wani m yanayi domin shuke-shuke.

Carbon dioxide da aka yi amfani da ko'ina a cikin sinadaran shuke-shuke. Ana amfani da, don samar da soda, don kira na Organic acid, domin yi na m yanã shã. Dry kankara da aka yi amfani da matsayin refrigerant, misali, a cikin giya shawara. Carbon dioxide yanayi da aka halitta su hana Rotting abinci, wannan innabi bayan tarin da kuma kafin samar da ruwan inabi.

Production na carbon dioxide ko liquefied carbon dioxide da aka za'ayi domin ciko da carbon dioxide wuta extinguishers, wanda ake amfani da su bice gobara. Duk da haka, ba za su iya zama mutum bice saboda wani gagarumin rabo daga jet na ruwa CO2 evaporates, da kuma yawan zafin jiki sharply rage-rage (wanda zai iya sa frostbite) da kuma CO2 ne tuba zuwa cikin bushe kankara. Carbonation yawanci bice flammable taya da wayoyi. The inji shi ne don žare damar na yanayi oxygen kudin shiga ga hearth wuta.