Kypchak Khanate: da asalin da kuma tarihin

Kypchak na da khanate - conglomerate Polovtsian kabilan wanda ya mallakar sararin steppe yankunan Eurasia. Ƙasarsu miƙa daga bakin Danube a yamma da Irtysh River zuwa gabas da kuma daga Kama River a arewa da kudu na Aral Sea. A lokacin da wanzuwar Kypchak Khanate - XI - XIII ƙarni.

prehistory

Polovtsi (sauran sunayen: Kipchak polovchane, Cumans) sun Turkic mutane da gargajiya steppe nomadic hanyarsa ta rayuwa. A Sabunta karni, suka kafa kansu a cikin ƙasa na zamani Kazakhstan. Su maƙwabtansu ne Khazars da Oghuz. Polovtsian sires kakanninsa dauke da cewa yawonta matakan gabashin Tien Shan kuma Mongolia. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa na farko da aka rubuta shaida game da mutane - da Sin.

A 744, da Cumans zo karkashin mulkin Kimaks da kuma na dogon lokaci zauna a Kimek Khanate. A cikin IX karni halin da ake ciki ya zama juyawa. Polovtsi samu ikon da Kimaks. Saboda haka akwai Kypchak Khanate. A farkon karni na XI, shi ne tura daga cikin ƙananan kai na cikin kogin Syr Darya makwabtaka kabilar Oghuz. A kan iyakar da Khorezm a Polovtsian ya Sygnak birnin, inda suka kashe hunturu encampment. Yanzu a cikin wuri ne kango na tsohon birnin, gabatar da wani tsanani archaeological darajar.

zama jiha

By 1050 Kypchak Khanate tunawa dukan ƙasar zamani Kazakhstan (sai Semirechye). A gabas, ya yi iyaka da Jihar kai Irtysh River da kuma ta yammacin kan iyakoki zaunar a kan Volga. A kudancin Kipchak kai Talas, a arewa - Siberian gandun daji.

The kabilu na wadannan makiyaya da aka kafa a cikin hadakar wasu al'ummai. Masana tarihi gane biyu key Kipchak kabilar: yanto sai. Bugu da kari, da Cumans garwaye da su ci nasara makwabta (Turks da Oguz). All bincike asusu na sama zuwa 16 Kipchak kabilu. Yana borili, toksoba, durut, karaborikly, bizhanak da t. D.

A tsakiyar karni na XI Kypchak Khanate cikin ganiyarsu ta bazuwa. Matafiya zama a Black Sea da kuma Rasha steppes, kai da kan iyakoki na Byzantine Empire. A sakamakon wannan taro hijirarsa akwai wani Lalacewar al'umma Kypchaks biyu matukar sassa: gabashin da kuma yammacin. A iyakar tsakanin su ta'allaka ne a kan Volga (Cumans kira shi "Itil").

jama'a tsarin

Kipchak jama'a ya caste da kuma harkar unequal. Babban dukiya, da garantin alheri, aka dabbõbi, da dawakai. Shi ne adadin su a cikin gidan da aka dauke da wani nuna alama na mutum wuri a cikin zaman jama'a tsani. Sashe na daga cikin dabbobi da ke cikin kabilu ikon mallakar. Irin wannan dabbobi da aka alama tamgas (da musamman markings). Makiyaya kuma al'ada mallakar aristocracy.

Mafi yawa daga Kipchak kunshi talakawa makiyaya da kuma al'umma members. Su suna dauke free, amma sau da yawa ya wuce karkashin kariyar more iko makwabta. Tare da asarar dabbobinsu wani mutum hana damar da za su yi ƙaura da kuma zama yatukom - zaunar da mazaunanta. A mafi m a cikin al'umma Polovtsian bayi. Kypchak Khanate, wanda tattalin arzikin da aka fi mayar dangane da aikin gandu, kara yawan bayi a kudin yaki.

Hulda da Rasha

A farkon rabin karni na XI fara Rasha-Polovtsian yaki. Makiyaya bai kokarin cinye Gabas Slavic sarauta, amma ya zo ƙasashen wasu saboda ganima da kuma sabon bayi. Steppe zabi dukiya da dabbobin da kuma fatattakakkun m asashe. Su harin ne kwatsam kuma gaggãwar. Matsayin mai mulkin, da makiyaya da lokaci zuwa bace tun kafin mamayewa a game da wurin zo yarima ta retinue.

Mafi sau da yawa sha ƙasar a kusa da Kiev, Ryazan Pereyaslavl da piglets da Siverschyna. Yana yana kan su arzikin ƙasashe da kuma birane Target su tausayi harin Kypchak Khanate. 11 - farkon na 13th karni - da lokaci na yau da kullum da rikicin tare da Rasha steppe squads. Saboda hadari a kudu, mutanen da kokarin matsawa kusa da gandun daji, da muhimmanci kara kuzari da hijirarsa daga Eastern Slavic yawan jama'a a cikin Vladimir sarauta.

Chronicle hare-hare

Lokacin da Kypchak Khanate, wanda ƙasa ya ƙara muhimmanci, ya zo a cikin lamba tare da Rasha, Slavic jihar, a daya hannun, ya shiga wani lokaci na rikicin sa da mulkin gargajiya fragmentation da ciki internecine yaƙe-yaƙe. Kan bango na wadannan abubuwan da ya karu hadarin makiyaya a sau.

A farko matsanancin faduwa Polovtsy karkashin jagorancin Khan Iskaliev sa Pereyaslavl Prince Vsevolod Yaroslavich a 1061. Shekara bakwai daga baya, sojojin ci Rasha steppe kawance uku Rurik a kan kogin Alta. A 1078 a yakin Nezhatina Field mutu a Kiev Izyaslav Yaroslavich. Duk wadannan bakaken ya fadi a kan Rasha ne sun fi mayar saboda da rashin iyawa na musamman wadanada su yarda a tsakãninsu ga kowa kyau.

Rurik nasara

Kypchak na da khanate, da tsarin siyasa da harkokin jakadanci na wanda yayi kama da wani classic misali na taro, na dogon lokaci nasarar tsoro Rasha ƙasar. Duk da haka, da shan kashi na Eastern Slavs iya ba har abada. A personification na wani sabon zagaye na fama da Polovtsy ya Vladimir Monomakh.

A 1096 da Prince ci Kipchak a kan Trubezh kogin. A yaƙin kashe shugaban Tugorkan makiyaya. Sha'awa, da kafa Kypchak Khanate, shi ne domin wasu ne ba a sani ba zuwa ga masana tarihi. Data kasance kawai ne ga waɗanda shugabanninmu waɗanda suka ayyana yaki zuwa makwabtan iko ko shiga tare da su a cikin dangantakar diplomasiyya. Tugorkan Khan yana daya daga cikinsu.

m unguwa

Godiya ga tenacity na Slavic squads tsaya fadada daga cikin daya cewa shekaru da dama ci gaba Kypchak Khanate. A takaice, da Polovtsian albarkatu ba su isa ga wani abu da ta girgiza mulkin Rasha. Rurik kokarin magance unwelcome ta kowane hanya samuwa. Sarakuna shirya iyakar kufaifan ya zaunar da su a cikin zaman lafiya zaunar Turks - black hoods. Suka zauna a kudancin Kiev ƙasar, kuma babba lokaci amsa kamar yadda garkuwa da Rasha.

Vladimir Monomakh farko ba kawai ci Kipchak, amma kuma yunkurin kaddamar da wani farmakin a cikin m steppe. Yakin a 1111, wanda aka haɗa zuwa wasu Rurik, an shirya a misali na Cross, a cikin abin da yammacin Knights wrested Urushalima Musulmi. A nan gaba da al'adar m wars a jeji ya zama al'ada. Mafi shahara Rasha almara ya yakin Seversky Prince Igorya Svyatoslavovicha, abubuwan da kafa tushen "Lay".

Cumans da Rumawa

Rasha ya ba da kawai Turai kasar tare da tuntubi Kypchak Khanate. Takaitacciyar da steppe dangantakar da Byzantine Empire da aka sani ga na da Greek tarihin. A 1091 Cumans shiga wani taƙaitaccen ƙawance da Rasha prince Vasilko Rostislavichem. Manufar na hadin gambizar da shan kashi na sauran makiyaya - Pechenegs. A XI karni, aka kore su daga cikin Polovtsy matakan da tekun Black Sea da kuma yanzu ma barazanar da kan iyakoki na Byzantine Empire.

Yarda ya jure gaban hordes a sãsanninta, Helenawa shiga wani kawance da cornflowers da Kipchak. A 1091 da hada sojoji karkashin jagorancin Sarkin sarakuna Aleksey na Komnin, ci sojojin Pechenegs a Battle of Leburne. Duk da haka, abota da Polovtsy ba ta ci gaba ta Helenawa. Tuni a 1092 da khanate goyon mayaudarin da ƙãƙalen faɗarsa ga ikon a Konstantinoful Lzhediogena. Cumans mamaye daular. Rumawa ci uninvited baƙi a 1095, bi da wadanda na dogon lokaci bai yi kokarin wuce su 'yan qasar steppe.

A masõya daga cikin Bulgarians

Idan Helenawa sun kasance a yaki Kipchak, da Bulgarians tun da Balkans kusan ko da yaushe nasaba alliance. Domin da farko lokacin da kasashen biyu suka yi jihãdi a kan wannan gefe a 1186. Duk da yake Bulgarians haye Danube, kuma ya kange sarki Ishaku II Angelos sa saukar tawayen su compatriots a cikin Balkans. A cikin yakin Slavs rayayye taimaki Polovtsian hordes. Yana shi ne gaggawar hari razana Helenawa suka ba su saba wa yãƙi irin wannan abokin gaba.

A 1187 - 1280 shekaru. Jam'iyyar daular a Bulgaria sun Asen. Shi ne da dangantaka da Kipchak sun wani misali da wani karfi jam'iyya. Alal misali, a farkon karni na XIII Tsar Kaloyan da steppe yan fiye da sau daya gaji da damuwa da ya mallaka maƙwabcinsa Hungarian sarki Imre. Sa'an nan kuma akwai wani epoch-yin taron - Western Knights kama Konstantinoful da kuma halakar da Byzantine Empire, da kuma gina nasu a kan kango - Latin. Bulgarians zarar ya zama m abokan na Franks. A 1205, akwai wani shahararren wurin yaƙi a Adrianople, inda Slavic-Polovtsian sojojin ci Latins. Jihadin Krista sha kaye, kuma su Sarkin sarakuna Baldwin ko kama. A muhimmiyar rawa a nasarar da taka leda maneuverable sojan doki Kipchak.

Ci na mangolawa

Abin da nasarorin Polovtsian haske a yamma, da suka ƙẽƙasassu kan backdrop na mummunan barazana da cewa yana zuwa Turai daga gabas. A farkon karni XIII nasa daular fara gina mangolawa. Farko da suka yi nasara da kasar Sin, sa'an nan ya koma yamma. Saukake nasara da Asiya ta tsakiya, da sabon nasara fara takura Polovtsy kuma su makwaftan kasashe.

A Turai, da farko zuwa fada karkashin hari Alans. Kypchaki ki taimake su. To, shi ya su nuna. Lokacin da ya bayyana da cewa Mongol mamayewa ba za a iya kauce masa, da Polovtsian khans yi kira ga Rasha sarakuna. Mutane da yawa Rurik gaske amsa. A 1223, wani hadin gwiwar Rasha-Polovtsian sojojin hadu mangolawa a yakin da Kalka River. Yana sha kaye. Bayan shekaru 15, da mangolawa koma ya kafa karkiya kan Gabashin Turai. A 1240-ies. Kypchanskoe Khanate karshe an hallaka. Cumans a matsayin mutane da lokaci tafi, ya bace daga cikin sauran kabilu na Great Steppe.