The ayyukan Gorky: cikakken jerin. Maxim Gorky: farkon romantic ayyukansu

Babban Rasha marubuci Maxim Gorky (Peshkov Aleksey Maksimovich) da aka haife Maris 16, 1868 a Nizhny Novgorod - mutu Yuni 18, 1936 a Gorki. A wani wuri shekaru, "Na tafi zuwa ga mutane", a kansa kalmomi. Ya rayu wuya, barci a slums daga cikin bayi, da shari'ã, ta katse wuccin yanki burodi. Da ya gudanar da sararin yankuna, ziyarci Don, a Ukraine, a cikin Volga yankin, a cikin ta Kudu na Bessarabia, Caucasus da kuma Crimea.

farko

Tsunduma a cikin zaman jama'a da kuma siyasa, saboda abin da ya akai-akai aka kama. A shekarar 1906 ya tafi kasashen waje, inda ya zama nasara rubuta ayyukansu. By 1910, Gorky ya zama shahararren, aikinsa shi ne na amfani mai girma. Tun da farko, a 1904, za mu fara barin m articles, sa'an nan da littafin "The M". The ayyukan Gorky sha'awar yan siyasa da kuma jama'a Figures. Wasu daga cikin su ji cewa marubuci ne ma free bi da abubuwan dake faruwa a kasar. Duk da cewa rubuta Maxim Gorky, aiki ga wasan kwaikwayo ko aikin jaridar makala, short labaru, ko Multi-story, resonated da aka sau da yawa tare da anti-zangar. A lokacin yakin duniya na 1st, marubucin ya ɗauki bayyane anti-militarist ra'ayi. Juyin juya halin na 1917, da shekara gana da babbar sha'awa, kuma ya Apartment a Petrograd juya a cikin wani fito na siyasa. Sau da yawa, Maxim Gorky, waɗanda ayyukansu sun zama ƙara Topical, yi tare da sake dubawa na kansa aikin domin kauce wa misinterpretation.

kasashen waje

A 1921, marubucin aika ƙasashen waje don shan magani. A cikin shekaru uku, Maxim Gorky zauna a Helsinki, Prague da kuma Berlin, sa'an nan ya koma Italiya da kuma zauna a Sorrento. Akwai ya fara da littafin da memoirs game da Lenin. A shekara ta 1925 ya rubuta labari "The Artamonov Business". Dukan ayyukan da Gorky a lokacin da aka siyasa.

Koma zuwa Rasha

1928 ya zama wani sauyi ga Gorky. A bisa gayyatar da Stalin, ya koma Rasha da kuma cikin watan motsa daga birni zuwa birni, saduwa da mutane, samun matsahi na saba da nasarori a cikin masana'antu, gani kamar yadda gurguzu yi tasowa. Sa'an nan Maxim Gorky bar for Italiya. Duk da haka, a cikin gaba (1929), marubucin sake zo Rasha da kuma wannan lokaci ziyarci Solovki Special Nufa Camp. Reviews haka ya fita sosai tabbatacce. A wannan tafiya Gorky ambata Alexander Solzhenitsyn a littafinsa "The Gulag tarin tsiburai."

A karshe samu na marubuci a cikin Tarayyar Soviet ya faru a watan Oktoba 1932. Tun wannan lokacin Gorky zaune a cikin wani tsohon gidan Ryabushinsky a kan Spiridonovka, a cikin dacha a Gorki, da ke hutu a cikin Crimea.

Da farko Congress of Writers

Wani lokaci daga baya, marubucin na'am da siyasa umarni daga Stalin, wanda ya danƙa shi tare da shiri na 1st Congress of Soviet Writers. A cikin hasken da wannan bukatar, Maxim Gorky halitta da dama da sabon jaridu da mujallu, samar da wani jerin littattafan a kan tarihin Soviet masana'antu, yakin basasa da kuma sauran abubuwan da suka faru na Soviet lokaci. A daidai wannan lokaci da ya rubuta da play "Yegor Bulychev da Sauransu", "ya kai da sauransu." Wasu ayyukan Gorky, rubuta a baya, suka kuma yi amfani da shiri na farko Congress of Writers, wanda ya faru a watan Agusta 1934. A Congress, yafi jawabi ƙungiya al'amura, aka zaba a nan gaba jagorancin kungiyar Soviet Writers, halitta wallafe-wallafen sassan da salo. Gorky ayyukan ma biya da hankali a 1st Congress of Writers, duk da haka, ya kuma an zabe shugaban kwamitin. Overall, taron da aka dauke da wani rabo, kuma Stalin da kaina gode Maksima Gorkogo domin hayayyafa aiki.

shahararsa

Gorky, waɗanda ayyukansu a tsawon shekaru ya sa m rigingimu tsakanin kawo dukkan, kokarin shiga a cikin tattaunawa daga cikin littattafan da kuma musamman na plays. Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci da marubuci ya halarci wasan kwaikwayo, inda ya iya ganin wa kansu cewa mutane ne ba ruwanta da aikinsa. Lalle ne ga mutane da yawa da marubuci Maxim Gorky, waɗanda ayyukansu suna gane da kowa mutum, ya zama madugu na wani sabon rai. Wasan kwaikwayo masu sauraro tafi zuwa ga show sau da yawa, karanta da kuma Sake karanta littafin.

Farkon aikin romantic M

marubuci ta aiki za a iya raba da dama Categories. Gorky ta farkon ayyukansu sun romantic, ko da m. Ba su ji rigidity na siyasa sentiments, wanda aka impregnated da daga baya labaru da kuma litattafan marubuci.

Da farko short labarin marubuci "Makar Chudra" - a Gypsy wucewa soyayya. Ba haka na wucewa cewa "soyayya ya zo da tafi", amma saboda shi dade kawai dare daya, ba tare da guda touch. Na zauna soyayya a cikin shawa ba tare da taba da jiki. Kuma a sa'an nan da yarinya ta mutuwa a hannun wani ƙaunar daya ya mutu a alfahari Gypsy majalisar, bi da kansa loiko zobar - tanã gudãna tare fadin sama, hannu da hannu.

M labarin, m ƙarfi labari. A labarin "Makar Chudra" ya shekaru da yawa da hallmark na Maksima Gorkogo, ya shagaltar da na farko wuri a cikin "farkon ayyukan Gorky."

Marubuci yawa hayayyafa aiki cikin matasa. Farkon aikin romantic M - jerin labaru, haruffa da suke Danko, Sokol, Tchelkache da sauransu.

A takaice labarin game da nuna fifiko a ruhaniya na sa ka yi mãmãki. "Chelkash" - labarin wani talakawa mutum, ɗauke da babban ado ji. Kubuta daga gida, vagrancy, hada baki da a wani laifi. Ganawa biyu - daya tsunduma a sananne, wani abu hali. Hassada, da mistrust, shirye m tanƙwasa, tsoro da tanƙwasa Gavrila tsayayya da su ƙarfin hali, yarda da kai, soyayya da 'yanci Chelkash. Duk da haka Chelkash jama'a ba ya bukatar, kamar yadda tsayayya wa Gavrila. Romantic pathos lauye da ban tausayi. Description of yanayin da labarin da aka ma tana tattare da a wani shãmaki daga romance.

A cikin labarin "Makar Chudra", "Old Isergil" kuma a karshe, a "The Song na Falcon" gano dalili "hauka da jarumi." A marubuci yana sanya haruffa a wuya yanayi, sa'an nan, ba tare da wani dabaru, ya shugabance su zuwa karshe. Jigogi kuma ban sha'awa ayyukan da babban marubuci, cewa labarin ne unpredictable.

Artwork Gorky "Old Isergil" kunshi dama sassa. A halin ta farko labarin - dan gaggafa da wata mace, kaifi-sa ido Larry gabatar m, m na mafi girma ji. Lokacin da ya ji Maxim cewa babu makawa dole biya domin wani abu ne da ya dauki wasu da aka bayyana kafirci, yana mai cewa "muna son zama unscathed." Mutane ƙaryata shi, hukuncin Loneliness. Pride Larry ya m zuwa gare shi.

Danko babu kasa girman kai, amma ya na nufin mutane da soyayya. Saboda haka samar da 'yanci da ake bukata a yi imani da shi kabilu. Duk da barazana daga mãsu shakka cewa yana da ikon kai a kabilar primeval gandun daji, da shugaban matasa na ci gaba da hanya, ja mutane tare. Kuma a lõkacin da duk sojojin kasance a kan Wane, da gandun daji ba ya kawo karshen, Danko tsãge kirji, ya fitar da wani kona zuciya da kuma harshen wuta lit sama da hanyar da ya kai su zuwa ga share. M countrymen, tsere zuwa 'yanci, ba ma duba a cikin shugabanci na Danko, a lokacin da ya rushe kuma ya mutu. Mutane sun gudu, gudu tattake harshen zuciya da kuma shi marmashe blue tartsatsi.

Romantic ayyukan Gorky bar wani kafu daram alama a zuciyata. Masu karatu empathize da heroes, da unpredictability na mãkirci rike da tashin hankali, da kuma ƙarewa ne sau da yawa m. Bayan da romantic ayyukan Gorky bambanta babban dabi'un da unobtrusive, amma shi ya sa ka yi mãmãki.

Taken mutum 'yanci ta mamaye a cikin farkon ayyukan marubuci. Heroes na Gorky 'yanci-auna da kuma ne ko da shirye su ba da ransa domin da hakkin ya zabi nasu makoma.

The waka "Mutuwa da kuma Yankan" - wani m misali na sadaukarwa a cikin sunan soyayya. Young, cike da rai ta ne don magance mutuwa, daya dare na soyayya. Ta shirya don mutu ba tare da nadãma a cikin safe, kawai saduwa sake tare da ka fi so.

King, wanda ya wadãtu da kansa kowa iko, dooms da yarinya to mutuwa kawai saboda, dawo daga yaki, a wani mummunan yanayi da kuma bai so ta farin ciki da dariya. Mutuwa kare Love, ta kasance da rai har yanzu da kuma "na fata da scythe," ya riga a kan shi yana da wani ƙarfi.

Romanticism ne ma ba a "The Song na m Petrel." Proud tsuntsu ne free, shi ne kamar a baki walƙiya, kama tsakanin m bayyana a cikin teku da girgije rataye a cikin tãguwar ruwa. Bari da hadari karya fita karfi, jarumi tsuntsu ne a shirye don yin yaki. A penguin da muhimmanci a boye cikin jiki mai a cikin cliffs, yana da daban-daban hali ga hadari - komai soaked gashinsa.

Man a Gorky ayyukan

Musamman, dabara Psychology Maksima Gorkogo ne ba a cikin dukan labarun da yaushe sanya babban rawa a cikin wannan mutum. Ko wani rashin gida m, flophouse haruffa, kuma suna gabatar da su ga marubuci a matsayin mutunta jama'a, duk da wuri. Wannan mutumin a cikin ayyukan Gorky sa a gaba, komai ne na biyu - da events bayyana, siyasa halin da ake ciki, har ma da ayyuka na jihar jikin su ne a bango.

Gorky novella "Yara"

A marubuci ya gaya labarin da rayuwar yaron Aleshi Peshkova, kamar yadda idan a kan kansa madadin. Cheerless labarin zai fara da mutuwar mahaifinsa da mahaifiyarsa ta mutuwa iyakar. Hagu marãya ba, yaron ji daga kakansa, rana bayan da mahaifiyarsa ta jana'izar: "Kana da ba a samu lambar a kan wuyansa rataya ka kamata ba to ... Tafi-ka da ka ga mutane ...". Kuma koro.

Saboda haka ya ƙare a aikin na Gorky ta "Yara". Kuma a tsakiyar shi ya 'yan shekaru na rayuwa a cikin gidan kakansa, karkata kadan tsohon mutum, wanda ya yi amfani da su Asabar bulala flogging duk wanda ya weaker fiye da shi. A kakan baya a ikon kawai da jikokinsa, wanda ya zauna a cikin gidan, ya doke su backhand, sa a kan benci.

Aleksey Ros, da goyan bayan mahaifiyarsa, da kuma a cikin gidan rataye wani lokacin farin ciki hazo ƙiyayya da duk kan duk. Gwaggwanninku suka yi jihãdi a tsakãninsu, wa'adi da kakansa cewa shi zai doke uwan sha, da matansu sami ikon bayar da haihuwa. Alyosha kokarin zama abokai tare da unguwa boys, amma iyayensu da kuma sauran dangi sun a wannan rikitarwa dangantaka da kakansa, kaka da mahaifiyarsa cewa yara iya sadarwa kawai ta hanyar wani rami a shinge.

"The Lower acan karkashin"

A 1902, Gorky ya juya zuwa ga falsafar topic. Ya halitta a play game da mutane, ta hanyar rabo ya sauko zuwa kasa na Rasha al'umma. Da dama haruffa, mazaunan wani doss gidan, marubucin sketched wani gangami yaƙĩni. A tsakiyar labari rashin gida mutane a kan gab da yanke ƙauna. Wani da aka yi tunani game da mutum ya kashe kansa, wani yana fatan for mafi kyau. A samfurin na Maxim Gorky "The Lower acan karkashin" - wani m hoto na zamantakewa da kuma m rashin tsaro a cikin al'umma, sau da yawa ya jũya a cikin wani bala'i.

A owner of doss-gidan Mihail Ivanovich Kostylev raye, yake kuma bai sani ba cewa rayuwarsa ne kullum barazana. Matarsa Vasilisa Maigirma ya kwadaitar da daya daga cikin baƙi - Vaska Pepel - to kashe mijinta. Wannan ma ƙare barawo Vaska kashe Kostyleva da ke zuwa kurkuku. Sauran mazaunan wani doss gidan ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin wani yanayi na mãsu mãye revelry da jini ta faɗa.

Bayan wani lokaci, akwai wani Luka makici kuma wani chatterbox. Ya "cika", jĩfa, shi ne labari, ya yi alkawarin indiscriminately farin ciki nan gaba da kuma cikakken inganci. Sa'an nan Luka vuya, da kuma m mutane wanda ya karfafa, a wata asara. Akwai wani mai tsanani cizon yatsa. Arba'in rashin gida, lakabi da actor kashe kansa. A wasu ba su da nisa daga gare ta.

Doss gidan a matsayin wata alama ce da rushewar Rasha jama'a a karshen cikin XIX karni, da annoba blatant tsarin zamantakewa.

Creativity Maksima Gorkogo

• "Makar Chudra" - 1892. A labarin da soyayya da kuma bala'i.
• "Kaka Arkhip da Lenka" - 1893. Rõƙo da lafiya tsohon mutum, kuma da shi jikan Lenka, wani matashi. Da farko kakan ba tsayayya da cũta, kuma ya mutu, ya mutu nan grandchild. Good mutane binne shi a hanya hatsarori.
• "Old Isergil" - 1895. Da dama labaru na wata tsõhuwa game da son kai da kuma selflessness.
• "Chelkash" - 1895. A labarin game da "wani inveterate mashayi, da kuma wani mai hankali, tsoro barawo."
• "Maza Eagles" - 1897. A labarin wani marar ɗa ma'aurata suka yanke shawarar su taimaka wa marasa lafiya.
• "Konovalov" - 1898. The labari na yadda wani kurkuku rataye Aleksandr Ivanovich Konovalov, wanda aka kama domin vagrancy.
• "Foma Gordeev" - 1899. Tale of abubuwan da suka faru a ƙarshen XIX karni, wanda ya faru a cikin Volga birni. Game da wani yãro mai suna Thomas, wanda ya yi ĩmãni da mahaifinsa shahararre fashi.
• "Filistiyawa" - 1901. The Story of Bafiliste tushen da sabon yayi na lokaci.
• "A kasa" - 1902. M Topical play game da rashin gida mutane suka yi hasãrar duk bege.
• "Uwar" - 1906. Roman a kan jigo na neman sauyi jin zuciya a cikin al'umma game da abubuwan dake faruwa a cikin masana'antu factory, tare da sa hannu na iyali daya.
• "Vassa Zheleznov" - 1910. A play game da yaro 42-shekara mace, ma'abũcin shipping kamfanin, karfi da kuma iko.
• "Yara" - 1913. Tale of wani sauki yaro da shi ba mai sauki rayuwa.
• "Tatsũniyõyi ne na Italiya" - 1913. A jerin gajeren labaru game da rayuwa a cikin Italian birane.
• "The Passion-cheeky" - 1913. A kadan labarin game warai m iyali.
• "The mutane" - 1914. A labarin wani gofer a wani yayi kantin sayar da takalma.
• "My Jami'o'in" - 1923. Tale of Kazan University da wani dalibi.
• "Blue Life" - 1924. A labarin game da mafarkai da kuma rudu.
• "Artamonov Business" - 1925. Tale of da abubuwan dake faruwa a factory saka yadudduka.
• "Rayuwa Klim Samgin" - 1936. Events farko na XX karni - Petersburg, Moscow, barricades.

Kowane karanta a labarin, wani labarin ko wani labari, ya fita da alama na wani babban wallafe-wallafen art. A haruffa gudanar da wani yawan musamman halaye da kuma siffofin. Analysis aiki M ya shafi m siffofin haruffa bi dabam. A zurfin da labari organically a hade tare da wuya amma m wallafe-wallafen na'urar. Dukan ayyukan da mai girma Rasha marubuci Maksima Gorkogo shiga zinariya asusu na Rasha al'adu.