Rubuce-rubuce tsarin, wanda aka yi amfani da Sumerians. Cuneiform rubuce-rubuce: tarihin, musamman

Sumerian cuneiform - part ta kananan wasiyya da ita aka bar bayan wannan tsoho wayewa. Abin takaici, mafi yawan Monuments aka rasa. Kawai lãka Allunan da musamman haruffa, wanda ya rubuta da Sumerians - cuneiform. Na dogon lokaci shi ya kasance wani kasa warwaruwa asiri, amma ta hanyar da kokarin masana kimiyya na bil'adama yanzu yana da data cewa wani wayewa Mesofotamiya.

Sumerians: wanda su ne

Sumerian wayewa (gundarin fassarar "blackheads") - daya daga cikin na farko da ke faruwa a wannan duniya tamu. Asalin da mutane a cikin labarai ne daya daga cikin mafi latsa al'amurran da suka shafi: musũ masana kimiyya gudanar ya zuwa yanzu. Wannan sabon abu ne ko da ba nadi "Sumerian matsala". The search for archaeological shaida samar kadan daga abu, haka, babban tushen da binciken da aka fagen ilmin harsuna. Sumerians cuneiform wanda aka mafi kyau kiyaye dukkan, ya fara da za a yi karatu ne daga cikin ra'ayi na ilimin harsuna dangantaka.

Aƙalla 5000 shekaru BC a kwarin na Tigris da Yufiretis a kudancin Bagadaza ya bayyana shiri daga baya ya girma a cikin wani iko wayewa. Archeological Finds nuna yadda suka ci gaba a tattalin arziki da sharuddan su ne Sumerians. Cuneiform a kan lãka Allunan yawa tattaunawa game da shi.

Tono a cikin zamanin d Sumerian birnin Uruk gubar da hujjõji ƙarasawa da cewa, Sumerian biranen da aka urbanized isasshen: akwai artisan azuzuwan, Kasuwanci, manajoji. Waje da biranen sanaki makiyaya da kuma manoma.

A harshen Sumerians

Sumerian - mai matukar ban sha'awa da ilimin harsuna sabon abu. Mafi m, ya zo a kudancin Bagadaza daga India. A cikin 1-2 shekara dubu da yawan magana da shi, amma ya aka zarar ƙwace Akkadian.

Sumerians har yanzu ci gaba da amfani da kakanninsu harshe a addini ayyukan, shi da aka za'ayi administrative aiki, koyar a makarantu. Wannan dade har zuwa farkon mu zamanin. Yadda za a yi da harshenka a kan harafi Sumerians? Cuneiform aka yi amfani da daidai da wannan manufa.

Abin baƙin ciki, shi ba zai yiwu su mayar da karin lafazi tsarin da Sumerian harshe, domin shi ne da irin lokacin da lexical da nahawu ma'anar kalmar ne a yawa affixes kara da tushen.

A ci gaba da cuneiform

Ana zargin da Sumerian cuneiform daidai da farkon na tattalin arziki aiki. Yake da alaka da cewa shi ya wajaba a gyara abubuwa na gwamnati, ko cinikayya. Ya kamata a ce cewa Sumerian cuneiform ne harafin farko ya bayyana, wanda ya ba da tushen zuwa wasu tsarin rubutu a Fadan-aram.

Asalinsu rubuta dijital dabi'u, alhãli kuwa sũ ne nisa daga rubuce-rubuce. A wasu adadin kaddamarda musamman lãka figurines - Alamu. Daya alama - wannan abu.

Tare da ci gaban tattalin arziki shi ne m, don haka kowane adadi ya fara yin wani musamman tsarin rubutu. Alamu adana a wani musamman ganga, wanda aka nuna mai shi na hatimi. Abin baƙin ciki, domin lissafa sunayen, na yi karya da vault, sa'an nan shãfe haske a sake. Domin saukaka, kusa da hatimin fara bayana labarun bayanai game da abinda ke ciki, sa'an nan jiki Figures bace gaba ɗaya - sun kasance wasu kwaikwayo. Kuma akwai na farko lãka Allunan. Abin da aka wakilta musu, bai kasance kõme ba kamar icons: takamaiman zane-zane da na takamaiman alkaluma da kuma abubuwa.

Daga baya, da icon fara gani, kuma m alamomin. Alal misali, kaji da kwai hoto kusa riga nuna a kan haihuwa. Wannan wasika ya kasance ideographic (Alamun ãyõyi).

A na gaba mataki - da karin lafazi zane na pictograms da ideograms. Ya kamata a ce cewa kowane alama ya zama fit takamaiman sauti zane, wanda ba shi da wani dangane da siffar da abu. The style ne ma canza, yana da sauki (duka biyu - bayyana a kasa). Bugu da kari, haruffan suna ci gaba domin saukaka, an horizontally daidaitacce.

Ana zargin cuneiform ba impetus zuwa cika tracings na kamus, wanda ya auku sosai aiki.

Cuneiform rubutu: ka'idodi

Mene ne cuneiform rubuce-rubucena? Paradoxically, da Sumerians kasance bã su iya karanta haruffa aka ba da manufa. Rubuta rubutu da suka gan, domin shi ne tushen ideographic rubuce.

A cikin alamar da aka fi mayar rinjayi da kayan a kan wanda ya rubuta - lãka. Me ya sa yake? Bari mu manta cewa Mesofotamiya - yankin, inda kusan babu itatuwa, dace da aiki (tuna Slavic Birch haushi da kuma Papyrus Masarawa, sanya daga zangarniya na bamboo), ba a can, da kuma dutse. Amma lãka a cikin kogin ambaliyar ruwa ya isa, don haka shi ne yadu amfani da Sumerians.

Shiri ga wasika a lãka cake, shi aka dimbin yawa kamar da'ira, ko da wani murabba'i mai dari. Za a labeled musamman Wand kira Kapama. Yana da aka yi na wani m abu kamar kashi. Tip a Kapama ya triangular. harafi tsari ne zuwa nutsad da wani itace a cikin m lãka, da kuma barin wani abin kwaikwaya. Kapama lokacin da ja daga da yumɓun, da Extended ɓangare na alwatika bar wani sawu kamar sandan, don haka sunan - "cuneiform". Don ci gaba da rubuce-rubuce, alamar ƙone a matoya.

Asalin syllabic rubutu

Kamar yadda ya bayyana a sama, kafin akwai wani cuneiform daga Sumerians wanzu wani irin na lamba - pictography sa'an nan ideography. Daga baya ãyõyi zama Saukake, misali, maimakon dukan tsuntsu wanda aka nuna ne kawai dungu. Kuma da yawan alamomi hankali rage - su zama mafi m, ya zo da nufin ba kawai kai tsaye Concepts, amma kuma da m - shi ne isa su nuna cewa da dama sauran ideogram. Saboda haka, a tsaye kusa da "Wasu Kasashen" da "mace" yana nufin manufar "bawa." Saboda haka, da darajar musamman haruffa zama na fili daga sauran mahallin. Wannan hanya na magana ne ake kira logograph.

Amma duk da haka ya kasance da wuya ne su zana a kan lãka ideograms, don haka a kan lokaci, kowane daga cikinsu maye gurbin da takamaiman hade da dashes-wedges. Wannan ya sa rubutu aiwatar da kara, da barin yin amfani da matching syllables na wasu sautuna. Saboda haka, sai suka fara samar syllabary, wanda dade da dogon isa.

Dikodi mai da darajar ga sauran harsuna

A tsakiyar karni na XIX aka alama ta yunkurin fahimci ainihin Sumerian cuneiform. Hu ~~ asa sanya a cikin wannan Grotefend. Duk da haka sami Behistun rubutu karshe a yarda wa decipher da yawa daga cikin matani. Sassaka a kan wani dutse texts dauke misalai na Old Persian, Elamite, kuma Akkadian shaci. Decipher texts iya Rawlins.

Ana zargin da Sumerian cuneiform rinjayi rubuce-rubuce na sauran kasashe Mesofotamiya. Yada wayewar kawo tare da shi, da kuma kalmar-syllabic irin rubuce-rubuce, wanda aka soma da sauran al'ummai. Musamman a fili gani shigar da Sumerian cuneiform a Elamite, Hurrian, Bahitte, da Urartian wasika.