Rocks. Rarrabuwa.

Ilimi, kunsha na ma'adanai da kuma tasowa cikin ko a farfajiya na duniya, a karkashin wani yanki yanayi da ake kira "kankara". Sun kafa wani 4.6 biliyan. Shekaru da suka wuce, kuma da daban-daban Tsarin da launuka.

A ta asalin kankara ya kasu kashi uku iri: sedimentary, igneous da metamorphic.

Na farko rukuni na ma'adanai da aka kafa a kan surface na ɓawon burodi. Breeds na da irin wannan suna kafa ta jari na sediments a kan qasa da ruwa da jikin da m sedimentation ƙarƙashin rinjayar nauyi. Dangane da hanyar ilimi, sun kasu kashi:

• Chemical kankara. Wannan rukuni na ma'adanai kafa daga ruwa-ruwa mafita na gina jiki, kazalika da dabba, kuma shuka sharan tara a kan tushe na teku, da tabkuna da kuma tekuna. Wadannan sun hada da sodium da kuma potassium gishiri, ajiye a kan tushe na ruwa jikinsu, silica, dake a cikin maɓuɓɓugan ruwan zafi, kazalika da burbushin habaka (mai, iskar gas, kwal), phosphates da farar ƙasa (harsashi dutse, alli da sauransu.). Mutane da yawa ma'adanai na wannan kungiyar da hanyõyi irin zane.

• Clastic. Kafa a sakamakon weathering ko motsi sassa kankara iska ko gleiser ruwa da m jari. A sakamakon haka, suna more murƙushe da kuma karya up. A cewar ta size akwai kananan, matsakaici, da kuma m dutse. Wadannan ma'adanai hada da pebbles, tsakuwa, yashi, tsakuwa, lãka.

Igneous kankara haifar daga crystallization na zubi dũkiyõyinsu a cikin zurfin na Duniya - magma. Sun yi har fiye da 65% na jimlar girma na Duniya ta ɓawon burodi da kuma sun fi na kowa ma'adanai.

Magma ne silicate abun da ke ciki, da wani cikakken ruwa tururi da kuma gas da kuma narke zuwa 1,200 digiri. Ya zo a cikin surface kawai ƙarƙashin rinjayar daban-daban ma'aunan kasa dalilai, wanda cools, crystallizes da kuma siffofin da dutse, kamar basalt, dutse, olivine, pyroxenes, amphiboles.

Magmatic ma'adanai kasu kashi intrusive da kuma effusive.

• Intrusive kankara an sanya shi a cikin ƙasa a wata m zurfin. Suna da kyau crystallization kuma, dangane da lissafi da kuma siffar, subdivided cikin batholiths (da manyan masu girma dabam), dykes (da tubular tsarin da ake kafa ta cika fasa), core (bakin ciki da kuma dogon a tsawon).
• A effusive tsarin bayyana lokacin da exiting magma zahiri da neraskristallizovannogo hada da volcanic gilashi. Daga cikin kankara na da irin wannan suke da daraja babbar basalt Filato da kuma lawa sinters.

Dangane da zurfin a da magma ya auku, akwai uku kungiyoyin na igneous kankara:

• Plutonic - suna kafa a cikin ƙananan rabo daga Duniya ta ɓawon burodi (partially ko gaba daya). Domin irin wannan ma'adanai hada da dutse.
• Volcanic - kafa a kan surface. Wadannan sun hada da ma'adanai irin su andesite.
• Hypabyssal - faru ne lokacin da magma ciko fasa a cikin data kasance kankara. Wannan kungiya za a iya dangana pegmatites.

Metamorphic kankara. Wannan irin ma'adanai wakiltar igneous ko sedimentary ma'adanai wanda, kasancewa a cikin ƙasã, sha gagarumin canje-canje. Canje-canje a sakamakon da zazzabi bambanci, matsa lamba ko sunadarai interactions sa bayyanar da sabon irin zane da kuma tsarin da kankara ba tare da shafi ta sinadaran abun da ke ciki. A sakamakon haka, daya ba tare da wani ma'adinai narke da kuma rushe tuba zuwa wani karin m da kuma resistant. Alal misali, farar ƙasa ne tuba zuwa cikin marmara da dutse a gneiss, sandstone, kuma ma'adini.

Saboda haka, da kankara na metamorphic, sedimentary da igneous asalin tare sa up kauri daga cikin ɓawon burodi. Wadannan ma'adanai ne babban tushen ma'adanai amfani da mutum ga kasa samarwa.