Photosynthesis - abin da yake da shi? mataki na photosynthesis. Sharuddan photosynthesis

Da ka taba mamakin yadda duniyar halittu?! Kuma saboda duk suna bukatar numfasawa oxygen wajen samar da makamashi da kuma exhale carbon dioxide. Wato carbon dioxide - babban dalilin wannan sabon abu, a matsayin rashin iska dakin. Yana faruwa a lokacin akwai mutane da dama, da kuma cikin dakin na dogon lokaci ba a aired. Bugu da kari, mai guba abubuwa cika iska wurare, masu zaman kansu mota da jama'a kai.

A ra'ayi na gabatar ba, akwai wata ma'ana tambaya: yadda za mu yi ba tukuna suffocated, idan duk rayuwa shi ne tushen m carbon dioxide? Ceton dukan halittu masu rai a cikin wannan halin da ake ciki abubuwa a matsayin photosynthesis. Mene ne ne tsari da kuma abin da yake da larura?

Its sakamakon - Balance of carbon dioxide da oxygen jikewa na iska. Wannan tsari ne da aka sani kawai wakilan da Flora na duniya, akwai shuke-shuke, kamar yadda kawai ya faru a cikin kwayoyin jikinsu.

Photosynthesis kanta - wani musamman rikitarwa hanya, dangane da wasu yanayi, da kuma daukan wuri a dama, saukarwa.

A definition

Bisa ga kimiyya definition, kwayoyin abubuwa a cikin shakka daga photosynthesis ana tuba a cikin kwayoyin a salon salula matakin, autotrophic kwayoyin saboda daukan hotuna zuwa rana haske.

Don ce mafi m harshe, photosynthesis ne mai tsari a cikin abin da wadannan na faruwa:

1. A inji shi ne tare da cikakken danshi. A tushen danshi iya zama ruwa, ko daga ƙasa m wurare masu zafi iska.
2. Yana auku chlorophyll dauki (takamaiman abu wanda yake kunshe da shuka) da sakamako makamashin hasken rana.
3. Ilimi da muhimmanci Flora abinci cewa su samar da on nasu ba su iya heterotrophic hanya, yayin da su da kansu ne ta manufacturer. A wasu kalmomin, shuke-shuke suna ciyar da cewa su da kansu nuna. Wannan shi ne sakamakon photosynthesis.

mataki Daya

Kusan kowace shuka ya ƙunshi kore abu, da abin da shi za su iya sha haske. Wannan abu ne ba fiye da a chlorophyll. Its wuri - chloroplast. Amma da chloroplast suna located in kara da shuka da 'ya'yan. Amma musamman na kowa a cikin yanayi leaf photosynthesis. Tun da karshen ne quite sauki a tsarinta, kuma yana da gwada da manyan surface yankin, wanda ke nufin cewa juz'i na makamashi zama dole ga abin da ya faru na ceto na tsari zai zama yafi.

Lokacin da haske da ake tunawa da chlorophyll, da karshen a Jihar tashin hankali, da kuma su samar da makamashi alkawarai canjawa wuri zuwa wasu kwayoyin kwayoyin da shuka. The most yawan irin wannan makamashi ke mahalarta photosynthesis tsari.

mataki biyu

Photosynthesis Ilimi a mataki na biyu ba ya bukatar sa hannu na duniya. Ya kunshi a cikin samuwar sinadaran shaidu da yin amfani da guba carbon dioxide samar daga ruwa da kuma iska taro. Har ila yau da kira na sa na abubuwa da samar da ikon rayuwa Flora. Wadannan su ne sitaci, glucose.

A shuke-shuke, irin kwayoyin abubuwa yi aiki a matsayin ikon source ga mutum sassa na shuka, yayin da samar da al'ada hanya na da muhimmanci matakai. Wadannan abubuwa suna samar da fauna, suka yi amfani da tsire-tsire domin abinci. Jikin mutum da aka tare da cikakken wadannan abubuwa ta hanyar abinci, wanda aka kunshe a cikin kullum rage cin abinci.

Me? Inda? Lokacin?

Don Organic abu a cikin kwayoyin juya, wajibi ne a samar da ya dace da yanayi na photosynthesis. Domin wannan tsari ne dole a farko wuri da haske. Muna magana ne game da wucin gadi, da kuma hasken rana. Nature yawanci shuka aiki ne halin da tsanani da bazara da kuma bazara, cewa shi ne, a lokacin da akwai bukatar a yi maka wani babban adadin makamashin hasken rana. Ba za a iya ce game da kaka rami, a lokacin da hasken wuta ne m, guntu rana. A sakamakon haka, da ganye fatsifatsi, sa'an nan gaba daya fada kashe. Amma da zaran na farko spring haske haskoki na rana, kore ciyawa yakan nan da nan ci gaba da ayyukan chlorophylls, kuma za su fara aiki ci gaban da oxygen da kuma sauran gina jiki, wanda suke da muhimmanci yanayi.

photosynthesis yanayi hada da ba wai kawai gaban yanayi haske. Danshi ma ya kamata isa. Bayan duk, da shuka garwaya da danshi farko, sa'an nan kuma dauki farawa da makamashin hasken rana. A sakamakon wannan tsari da kuma suna shuka abinci mai gina jiki kayayyakin.

Kawai idan akwai wani kore abu photosynthesis. Mene ne chlorophyll, muka ambata a sama. Su ne irin shugaba tsakanin haske ko makamashin hasken rana da kuma shuka kanta, tabbatar dace hanya na rayukansu da kuma ayyukan. Green abubuwa da sha damar jam'i hasken rana.

Yana taka muhimmiyar rawa da kuma oxygen. Don photosynthesis tsari da aka nasara, da shuke-shuke bukatar shi da yawa, saboda abun da ke ciki ya kunshi kawai 0.03% carbonic acid. Saboda haka daga 20 000 m ^{3 na} iska iya samun 6 m ³ acid. Shi ne karshen sashi - primary feedstock for glucose, wanda bi da bi, shi ne wani abu zama dole ga rayuwa.

Akwai matakai biyu na photosynthesis. A farko da aka kira da haske, da kuma na biyu - The duhu.

Me inji percolation haske mataki

The haske mataki na photosynthesis ne wani sunan - photochemical. Babban mahalarta a cikin wannan lokaci ne:

• hasken rana.
• daban-daban pigments.

Tare da farko bangaren bayyana, shi ne hasken rana. Amma abin da su ne pigments sani ba kowane. Sun zo a kore, rawaya, ja ko shudi. Don hada da kore chlorophylls kungiyoyin "A" da "B" da rawaya da ja / blue - phycobilins bi da bi. Photochemical aiki kawai chlorophylls nuna daga cikin mahalarta a cikin wannan mataki na aiwatar da "A". Sauran nasa ne da karin rawa, jigon wanda - tarin haske kamfani mai suna Quanta da su sufuri zuwa tsakiyar photochemical.

Tun chlorophyll baiwa da damar m sha na makamashin hasken rana tare da da wani zango wadannan photochemical tsarin da aka gano:

- Photochemical cibiyar 1 (kore al'amarin, "A" kungiyar) - kunshe a cikin 700 pigment mamaye haske haskoki, wanda gwargwadonsa ne kamar 700 nm. Wannan pigment nasa ne na asali rawa a cikin halittar kayayyakin da haske mataki na photosynthesis.

- Photochemical cibiyar 2 (kore abu kungiyar "B") - da wani ɓangare na pigment 680 aka hada da cewa garwaya da haske haskoki na 680 nm a tsawon. Ya rike Actor, wadda ta ƙunshi a cika ayyuka na electrons rasa photochemical cibiyar 1. Wannan shi ne cimma ta hanyar hydrolysis ruwa.

A 350- 400 kwayoyin na pigments cewa a mayar da hankali haske fluxes a photosystem 1 da 2 da daya kawai kwayoyin na pigment, wanda shi ne photochemically aiki - chlorophyll kungiyar "A".

Abin da ke faruwa a kan?

1. The haske makamashi tunawa da shuka, yana da wani sakamako a kan pigment žunsa 700, wanda ya wuce daga al'ada jihar zuwa jihar zumudi. Pigment hasarar wani electron, sakamakon shi a abin da ake kira electron rami. Bugu da ari, pigment kwayoyin da cewa ya rasa wani electron, na iya aiki a matsayin ta karbar, watau, jam'iyyar yarda electrons, da kuma komawa da form.

2. The aiwatar da photochemical bazuwar daga cikin ruwa a cikin cibiyar haske mamaye pigment 680 photosystem 2. Bayan bazuwar na ruwa kafa electrons da asali an amince abu kamar cytochrome C550, da kuma gano da wasika Q. nan, da cytochrome electrons shigar da kewaye dako, kuma suna hawa zuwa cibiyar 1 ga photochemical cika ramuka e, wanda shi ne sakamakon shigar azzakari cikin farji na haske kamfani mai suna Quanta da dawo da tsarin na pigment 700.

Akwai sau lokacin da irin wannan kwayoyin samun koma electron rage m. Wannan zai kai ga kadaici da haske makamashi a matsayin zafi. Amma kusan ko da yaushe wani electron da ciwon wani mummunan cajin, guda biyu tare da musamman iron-sulfur sunadaran da aka kwashe a kan daya daga cikin marũruwa ko da pigment 700 da dama a cikin wani vector kewaye da sake saduwa da m Mai karɓar.

A farko embodiment, akwai wani cyclic electron kai rufaffiyar type, a karo na biyu - cyclic.

Dukansu matakai fada a farko mataki na photosynthesis a karkashin tsara wannan jerin electron dako. Amma ya kamata a lura da cewa ga cyclic irin photophosphorylation fara da ƙare lokaci guda shari wani Chl batu, yayin da a lokacin da cyclic mika mulki ya shafi shari abu kore "B" kungiyar zuwa chlorophyll "A".

Features na cyclic sufuri

Phosphorylation na cyclic ma kira photosynthetic. A sakamakon wannan tsari samar da ATP kwayoyin. Dalili na wannan shi ne dawowar kai bayan 'yan m, saukarwa a cikin electron m jihar a kan pigment 700, inda makamashi da aka saki, mai karɓa bangare a cikin phosphorylating enzyme tsarin don kara jari a cikin phosphate shaidu na ATP. Wannan ne, makamashi ne ba dissipated.

Phosphorylation na cyclic shi ne na farko dauki na photosynthesis, dangane da samuwar sinadaran fasahar samar da makamashi a chloroplast tilaktoidov membrane saman ta yin amfani da hasken rana makamashi.

Ba tare da photosynthetic phosphorylation dauki na assimilation a cikin duhu lokaci na photosynthesis ba zai yiwu ba.

Nuances safarar noncyclic irin

A tsari kunshi a murmurewa NADP + kuma NADPH samuwar N *. The inji dogara ne a kan electron canja wurin ferredoxin ta rage dauki da m miƙa mulki ga NADP + tare da kara raguwa to NADP * H.

A sakamakon haka, electrons da sun rasa pigment 700, electrons suna bayansa ta hanyar ruwa wadda aka bazu zuwa haske haskoki a cikin photosystem 2.

Acyclic hanyar electrons gudãna daga ma yakan haifar da haske photosynthesis ne da za'ayi ta maida martani game da biyu photosystems, haɗi da su electron-kai sarkar. Light makamashi electrons da shugabantar da ya kwarara da baya. A lokacin kai na photochemical cibiyar 1 ga cibiyar 2 electrons rasa wani ɓangare na da makamashi saboda jari kamar yadda proton yuwuwar a kan membrane surface tilaktoidov.

A cikin duhu lokaci na photosynthesis aiwatar da samar da wani proton-type yuwuwar a electron kai sarkar, da kuma yadda ake gudanar da samuwar ATP a cikin chloroplast ne kusan m tare da wannan tsari a mitochondria. Amma siffofin har yanzu suna nan. Tilaktoidami a cikin wannan halin da ake ciki ne mitochondria karkatarwa a kan daidai gefen. Wannan shi ne babban dalilin da cewa electrons da protons da motsawa ta cikin membrane a gaban shugabanci dangi da canja wurin da kwarara a cikin mitochondrial membrane. A electrons suna hawa zuwa waje, da kuma protons ne tara a cikin ciki na matrix tilaktoidnogo. Last daukan kawai wani tabbatacce cajin, kuma da matsanancin membrane tilaktoida - korau. Daga wannan shi ya bi cewa hanyar da proton dan tudu da irin gaban ta hanyar mitochondria.

Wani alama ne babban PH a cikin m na protons.

The uku alama ne gaban kawai sarƙa biyu tilaktoidnoy Tasrifu shafukan da matsayin sakamako da rabo daga kwayoyin na ATP zuwa protons daidaita 1: 3.

ƙarshe

A mataki na farko na photosynthesis ne hulda da haske da makamashi (wucin gadi da kuma neiskusstvennoy) daga shuka. Amsa ga haskoki na kore al'amarin - chlorophyll, mafi yawan abin da yake kunshe a cikin ganyayyaki.

Da samuwar ATP da NADP * H - sakamakon irin wannan dauki. Wadannan kayayyakin ne na wajibi ga abin da ya faru na duhu halayen. Sanadiyar haka, hasken mataki - dauri tsari, ba tare da abin da zai zama na biyu mataki - The duhu.

The duhu mataki: jigon da peculiarities

Dark photosynthesis kuma ta dauki ne carbon dioxide hanya kwayoyin abu ya sami carbohydrates. Aiwatar da wadannan halayen da faruwa a cikin chloroplast stroma da gudummawar da kayayyakin dauki mataki na farko na photosynthesis - haske.

A mataki duhu tushen photosynthetic inji a kan aiwatar da assimilation na carbon dioxide (wanda kuma ake kira photochemical carboxylation, Calvin sake zagayowar), wanda aka halin cyclical. Ya kunshi uku bulan:

1. Carbonation - Accession CO _2.
2. Restorative lokaci.
3. Phase farfadowa ribulozodifosfat.

Ribulofosfat - sugars da biyar carbon atoms - lends kanta zuwa ga hanya na phosphorylation a kudi na ATP, game da shi, samar da ribulozodifosfat wanda aka kara hõre carboxylation ta dangane da CO ₂ samfurin da shida carbons, wanda nan take bazu ta dauki tare da ruwa kwayoyin, samar da biyu kwayoyin nau'in acid phosphoglyceric . Sai acid jurewa cikakken sabuntawa a aiwatar da enzymatic halayen ga wanda ake bukata gaban ATP da NADP ta samar da wata sugar zuwa uku carbons - uku-carbon sugar, triose ko aldehyde phosphoglyceraldehyde. Lokacin da biyu irin triose takaice hexose kwayoyin da aka samu, wanda zai iya zama wani ɓangare na sitaci kwayoyin da debugged ajiye.

Wannan lokaci ya ƙare da cewa a lokacin da photosynthesis tsari, da ake tunawa da daya kwayoyin na CO ₂ da kuma yin amfani da uku ATP kwayoyin da hudu H atoms Geksozofosfat amenable ga halayen da pentose phosphate sake zagayowar, sakamakon farfadowa ribulozofosfata wanda za a iya sake saduwa da wani sunadarin na carbonic acid.

Carboxylation dauki, maida, farfadowa ba za a dauke musamman domin a cikin takamaiman Kwayoyin inda photosynthesis faruwa. Mene ne wani "uniform" kwarara matakai, ma, ba zai iya ce, saboda har yanzu akwai wani bambancin - a lokacin da dawo da tsarin yana amfani da NADPH + H maimakon nad + H.

Accession CO ₂ ribulozodifosfat shigarsu catalysis, wanda ya samar da ribulozodifosfatkarboksilaza. A dauki samfurin ne 3-phosphoglycerate, murmurewa a kudi na NADPH * H2 da ATP zuwa glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. A rage tsari ne catalysed da glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. A karshen an sauƙi tuba zuwa dihydroxyacetone phosphate. Da samuwar fruktozobisfosfata. Ɓangare na da kwayoyin da aka hannu a cikin farfadowa tsari ribulozodifosfat, rufe da sake zagayowar, da kuma kashi na biyu da aka sarrafa don ƙirƙirar wani ajiye carbohydrate a photosynthetic Kwayoyin, Ina nufin yana da photosynthesis na carbohydrates.

Light makamashi ake bukata domin phosphorylation da kuma kira na Organic abubuwa, da kuma samar da makamashi na hadawan abu da iskar shaka na Organic abubuwa ake bukata don oxidative phosphorylation. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ciyayi na samar da rayuwa ga dabbobi da kuma wasu kwayoyin da suke heterotrophic.

Photosynthesis a shuka Kwayoyin faruwa a wannan hanya. Its kayayyakin ne carbohydrates zama dole ga halittar carbon skeletons iri-iri abubuwa na Flora na duniya da suke da kwayoyin asalin.

Organic nitrogen abubuwa tunawa a irin photosynthetic kwayoyin da akan rage inorganic nitrate, kuma sulfur - saboda da akan rage sulfates zuwa sulfhydryl kungiyoyin na amino acid. Samar da samuwar sunadaran, nucleic acid, lipids, carbohydrates, cofactors ne photosynthesis. Mene ne wani "platter" na abubuwa da muhimmanci ga shuka an riga an nanata ba, amma a kan sakandare kira kayayyakin da suke da muhimmanci da magani abubuwa (flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenes, polyphenols, steroids, orgkisloty da sauransu), ba wata kalma da aka ce. Saboda haka, babu ƙari da cewa photosynthesis - da key zuwa rayuwa na shuke-shuke, da dabbobi da mutane.